- Council of Siena
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In the Catholic Church, the Council of Siena (1423 - 1424) marked a somewhat inconclusive stage in the Conciliar movement that was attempting reforms in the Church. If it had continued, it would have qualified as an ecumenical council. In the official List of ecumenical councils, the Council of Siena is no longer listed, as the conciliarism expressed there was later branded as a heresy.
According to the terms of the Council of Constance calling for periodic ecumenical councils to discuss church policies, Pope Martin V convened a council at Pavia, which was hardly inaugurated on April 23, 1423, when plague broke out at Pavia and the council was hastily adjourned to Siena.
At Siena, the procedure of the Council followed that established at Constance. Right at the start, certain formalities of the safe conducts issued by the city for the members of the Council were the cause of jurisdictional friction with papal prerogatives. Nevertheless, on the eighth of November four decrees were published, all of them directed against easy targets: against the followers of the heretical reformers, Jan Hus, recently burnt at the stake at the Council of Constance, safe conduct or no, and against the English followers of John Wyclif, who claimed that the highest authority was the Bible; against the followers of the schismatic Antipope Benedict XIII; a decree postponing the negotiations with the Greeks and other Eastern Orthodox churches (which were later worked into acceptable compromises in the long working sessions of the Council of Florence, 1438 to 1445); and a decree advising greater vigilance against heresy, the easiest target of all.
Proposals for genuine institutional reform within the Catholic Church hung fire ominously. French proposals for more local control ("Gallican" proposals, generally speaking) produced resistance from the loyalists of the Papal Curia. Nothing was accomplished at Siena in that area.
On February 19, 1424, Basel was selected as the place of the next Council and the Council dissolved itself the following day (the decree published March 7). The French members would have preferred to continue the Council until a thorough reform of the church had been accomplished, both "in capite et in membris" ("in its head and its members"), but whether in order to avoid a new schism, or whether on account of fear of the Pope (since Siena in southern Tuscany was near the Papal States), they departed. The selection of the venue for the next council, far from the armed temporal authority of the Papacy, is significant.
The magistrates of Siena took care not to let anyone depart until he had paid his debts.
External links
- Catholic Encyclopedia, "Siena"
Ecumenical councils — (See also First seven Ecumenical Councils) Councils recognized by: Councils names (with year)West & East
E. Orthodox, Roman Catholic & Old CatholicNicaea I (325) · Constantinople I (381) · Ephesus (431) · Chalcedon (451) · Constantinople II (553) · Constantinople III (680–81) · Nicaea II (787)Eastern Orthodox
only & partly recognizedQuinisext Council (692) · Constantinople IV (879–80) · Constantinople V (1341–51) · Synod of Jerusalem (1672)Roman Catholic only Constantinople IV (869–70) · Lateran I (1123) · Lateran II (1139) · Lateran III (1179) · Lateran IV (1215) · Lyon I (1245) · Lyon II (1274) · Vienne (1311–12) · Constance (1414–18) · Florence (1431–45) · Lateran V (1512–14) · Trent (1545–63) · Vatican I (1869–70) · Vatican II (1962–65)Reformed (Calvinism) only Anglicans, Lutherans, Calvinists & other Protestants recognize the first four of these councils, and in some cases the first seven.
Other Protestants have various views · Oriental Orthodoxy accept the first three councils and the Assyrian Church of the East the first two.
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