Directional stability

Directional stability

Directional stability is stability of a moving body or vehicle about an axis which is perpendicular to its direction of motion. Stability of a vehicle concerns itself with the tendency of a vehicle to return to its original direction in relation to the oncoming medium (water, air, road surface, etc.) when disturbed (rotated) away from that original direction. If a vehicle is directionally stable, a restoring moment is produced which is in a direction opposite to the rotational disturbance. This "pushes" the vehicle (in rotation) so as to return it to the original orientation, thus tending to keep the vehicle oriented in the original direction.

Directional stability is frequently called "weather vaning" because a directionally stable vehicle free to rotate about its center of mass is similar to a weather vane rotating about its (vertical) pivot.

With the exception of spacecraft, vehicles generally have a recognisable front and rear and are designed so that the front points more or less in the direction of motion. Without this stability, they may tumble end over end, spin or orient themselves at a high angle of attack, even broadside on to the direction of motion. At high angles of attack, drag forces may become excessive, the vehicle may be impossible to control, or may even experience structural failure. In general, land, sea, air and underwater vehicles are designed to have a natural tendency to point in the direction of motion.

Contents

Example - Road Vehicle

Arrows, darts, rockets and airships have tail surfaces to achieve stability. A road vehicle does not have elements specifically designed to maintain stability, but relies primarily on the distribution of mass.

Introduction

These points are best illustrated with an example which is familiar to most readers - the humble motor car.

The first stage of studying the stability of a road vehicle is the derivation of a reasonable approximation to the equations of motion.

Car0 stabilty.png

The diagram illustrates a four wheel vehicle, in which the front axle is located a metres ahead of the centre of gravity and the rear axle is b metres aft of the cg. The body of the car is pointing in a direction θ (theta) whilst it is travelling in a direction ψ (psi). In general, these are not the same. The tyre treads at the region of contact point in the direction of travel, but the hubs are aligned with the vehicle body, with the steering held central. The tyres distort as they rotate to accommodate this mis-alignment, and generate side forces as a consequence.

The net side force Y on the vehicle is the centripetal force causing the vehicle to change the direction it is traveling:

MV \frac {d\psi} {dt} =Y cos(\theta-\psi)

where M is the vehicle mass and V the speed. The angles are all assumed small, so the lateral force equation is:

MV\frac{d\psi}{dt}=Y

The rotation of the body subjected to a yawing moment N is governed by:

I\frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2}=N

where I is the moment of inertia in yaw. The forces and moments of interest arise from the distortion of the tyres. The angle between the direction the tread is rolling and the hub is called the slip angle. This is a bit of a misnomer, because the tyre as a whole does not actually slip, part of the region in contact with the road adheres, and part of the region slips. We assume that the tyre force is directly proportional to the slip angle (phi). This is made up of the slip of the vehicle as a whole modified by the angular velocity of the body. For the front axle:

\phi(front)=\theta-\psi-\frac{a}{V}\frac{d\theta}{dt}

whilst for the rear axle:

\phi(rear)=\theta-\psi+\frac{b}{V}\frac{d\theta}{dt}

Let the constant of proportionality be k. The sideforce is, therefore:

Y=2k(\phi(front)+\phi(rear))=4k(\theta-\psi)+2k\frac{(b-a)}{V}\frac{d\theta}{dt}

The moment is:

N=2k(a\phi(front)-b\phi(rear))=2k(a-b)(\theta-\psi)-2k\frac{(a^2+b^2)}{V}\frac{d\theta}{dt}

Denoting the angular velocity ω, the equations of motion are:

\frac{d\omega}{dt}=2k\frac{(a-b)}{I}(\theta-\psi)-2k\frac{(a^2+b^2)}{VI}\omega
\frac{d\theta}{dt}=\omega
\frac{d\psi}{dt}=\frac{4k}{MV}(\theta-\psi)+2k\frac{(b-a)}{MV^2}\omega

Let θ − ψ = β (beta), the slip angle for the vehicle as a whole:

\frac{d\omega}{dt}=2k\frac{(a-b)}{I}\beta-2k\frac{(a^2+b^2)}{VI}\omega
\frac{d\beta}{dt}=-\frac{4k}{MV}\beta+(1-2k\frac{(b-a)}{MV^2}\omega

Eliminating ω yields the following equation in β:

\frac{d^2\beta}{dt^2}+(\frac{4k}{MV}+\frac{2k(a^2+b^2)}{VI})\frac{d\beta}{dt}+(\frac{4k^2(a+b)^2}{MV^2I}+\frac{2k(b-a)}{I})\beta=0

This is called a second order linear homogenous equation, and its properties form the basis of much of control theory.

Stability Analysis

We do not need to solve the equation of motion explicitly to decide whether the solution diverges indefinitely or converges to zero following an initial perturbation. The form of the solution depends on the signs of the coefficients.

The coefficient of \frac{d\beta}{dt} will be called the 'damping' by analogy with a mass-spring-damper which has a similar equation of motion.

By the same analogy, the coefficient of β will be called the 'stiffness', as its function is to return the system to zero deflection, in the same manner as a spring.

The form of the solution depends only on the signs of the damping and stiffness terms. The four possible solution types are presented in the figure.

Second Order Solutions.png

The only satisfactory solution requires both stiffness and damping to be positive.

The damping term is:

(\frac{4k}{MV}+\frac{2k(a^2+b^2)}{VI})

The tyre slip coefficient k is positive, as are the mass, moment of inertia and speed, so the damping is positive, and the directional motion should be dynamically stable.

The stiffness term is:

(\frac{4k^2(a+b)^2}{MIV^2}+\frac{2k(b-a)}{I})

If the centre of gravity is ahead of the centre of the wheelbase ((b > a), this will always be positive, and the vehicle will be stable at all speeds. However, if it lies further aft, the term has the potential of becoming negative above a speed given by:

V^2=\frac{2k(a+b)^2}{M(a-b)}

Above this speed, the vehicle will be directionally unstable.

Relative Effect of Front and Rear Tyres

If for some reason (incorrect inflation pressure, worn tread) the tyres on one axle are incapable of generating significant lateral force, the stability will obviously be affected. Assume to begin with that the rear tyres are faulty, what is the effect on stability?

If the rear tyres produce no significant forces, the side force and yawing moment become:

Y=2k(\phi(front))=2k(\theta-\psi)-2k\frac{a}{V}\frac{d\theta}{dt}
N=2k(a\phi(front))=2ka(\theta-\psi)-2k\frac{a^2}{V}\frac{d\theta}{dt}

The equation of motion becomes:

\frac{d^2\beta}{dt^2}+(\frac{2k}{MV}+\frac{2ka^2}{VI})\frac{d\beta}{dt}-(\frac{2ka}{I})\beta=0

The coefficient of β is negative, so the vehicle will be unstable. Consider the effect of faulty tyres at the front. The Side force and yawing moment become:

Y=2k(\phi(rear))=2k(\theta-\psi)+2k\frac{b}{V}\frac{d\theta}{dt}
N=-2k(b\phi(rear))=-2kb(\theta-\psi)-2k\frac{b^2}{V}\frac{d\theta}{dt}

The equation of motion becomes:

\frac{d^2\beta}{dt^2}+(\frac{2k}{MV}+\frac{2kb^2}{VI})\frac{d\beta}{dt}+(\frac{2kb}{I})\beta=0

The coefficient of β is positive, so the vehicle will be stable but unsteerable.

It follows that the condition of the rear tyres is more critical to directional stability than the state of the front tyres. Also, locking the rear wheels by applying the handbrake, renders the vehicle directionally unstable, causing it to spin. Since the vehicle is not under control during the spin, the 'handbrake turn' is usually illegal on public roads.

Steering Forces

Deflecting the steering changes the slip angle of the front tyres, generating a sideforce. With conventional steering, the tyres are deflected by different amounts, but for the purposes of this analysis, the additional slip will be considered equal for both front tyres.

The side force becomes:

Y=2k(\phi(front)+\phi(rear))=4k(\theta-\psi)+2k\frac{(b-a)}{V}\frac{d\theta}{dt}+2k\eta

where η (eta) is the steering deflection. Similarly, the yawing moment becomes:

N=2k(a\phi(front)-b\phi(rear))=2k(a-b)(\theta-\psi)-2k\frac{(a^2+b^2)}{V}\frac{d\theta}{dt}+2ka\eta

Including the steering term introduces a forced response:

\frac{d^2\beta}{dt^2}+(\frac{4k}{MV}+\frac{2k(a^2+b^2)}{VI})\frac{d\beta}{dt}+(\frac{4k^2(a+b)^2}{MV^2I}+\frac{2k(b-a)}{I})\beta=-\frac{2k}{MV}\frac{d\eta}{dt}+(\frac{2ka}{I}-\frac{4k^2 b(a+b)}{IMV^2})\eta

The steady state response is with all time derivatives set to zero. Stability requires that the coefficient of β must be positive, so the sign of the response is determined by the coefficient of η:

(\frac{2ka}{I}-\frac{4k^2 b(a+b)}{IMV^2})

This is a function of speed. When the speed is low, the slip is negative and the body points out of the corner (it understeers). At a speed given by:

V^2=\frac{2kb(a+b)}{Ma}

The body points in the direction of motion. Above this speed, the body points into the corner (oversteers).

As an example:

with k=10kN/radian, M=1000kg, b=1.0m, a=1.0m, the vehicle understeers below 11.3mph.

Evidently moving the centre of gravity forwards increases this speed, giving the vehicle a tendency to understeer.

Note: Installing a heavy, powerful engine in a light weight production vehicle designed around a small engine increases both its directional stability, and its tendency to understeer. The result is an overpowered vehicle with poor cornering performance.

Even worse is the installation of an oversized power unit into a rear engined production vehicle without corresponding modification of suspension or mass distribution, as the result will be directionally unstable at high speed.

The amateur mechanic's dream car can readily become an uncontrollable nightmare.

Limitations of the Analysis

The forces arising from slip depend on the loading on the tyre as well as the slip angle, this effect has been ignored, but could be taken into account by assuming different values of k for the front and rear axles. Roll motion due to cornering will redistribute the tyre loads between the nearside and offside of the vehicle, again modifying the tyre forces. Engine torque likewise re-distributes the load between front and rear tyres.

A full analysis should also take account of the suspension response.

The complete analysis is essential for the design of high performance road vehicles, but is beyond the scope of this article.

References

  • Barwell F T : Automation and Control in Transport, Pergamon Press, 1972.
  • Synge J L and B A Griffiths : Principles of Mechanics, Section 6.3, McGraw-Hill Kogakusha Ltd,3rd Edition, 1970.

See also


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • directional stability — Ability of a vehicle to move forward in a straight line with a minimum of driver control. A vehicle with good directional stability will not be unduly affected by side wind, road irregularities, etc …   Dictionary of automotive terms

  • directional stability — The stability that concerns yawing about the normal, or vertical, axis. An aircraft is directionally stable if when it is temporarily deflected from its course, it tends to return to the original course without any correction applied by the pilot …   Aviation dictionary

  • directional stability — noun the ability of a vehicle to maintain its course, or remain under normal steering control, while subjected to directionally disturbing influences such as cross winds, braking on irregular surfaces or turning …   Wiktionary

  • Stability derivatives — are a means of linearising the equations of motion of an atmospheric flight vehicle so that conventional control engineering methods may be applied to assess their stability.The dynamics of atmospheric flight vehicles is potentially very… …   Wikipedia

  • Stability — can refer to: *Aircraft flight Stability (aircraft) *In atmospheric fluid dynamics, atmospheric stability, a measure of the turbulence in the ambient atmosphere *BIBO stability (Bounded Input, Bounded Output stability), in signal processing and… …   Wikipedia

  • stability — [1] The quality or state of a vehicle to remain controllable. See directional stability. [2] The ability of a ship to return to her normal upright position when listed by the action of waves, wind, etc. [3] Property which allows an adhesive,… …   Dictionary of automotive terms

  • directional — [[t]daɪre̱kʃən(ə)l, dɪr [/t]] 1) ADJ GRADED If something such as a radio aerial, microphone, or loudspeaker is directional, it works most effectively in one direction, rather than equally in all directions at once. [TECHNICAL] Dish aerials are… …   English dictionary

  • Longitudinal static stability — is important in determining whether an aircraft will be able to fly as intended. Static stability As any vehicle moves it will be subjected to minor changes in the forces that act on it, and in its speed. * If such a change causes further changes …   Wikipedia

  • Electronic stability control — (ESC) is a computerized technology [1][2] that may potentially improve the safety of a vehicle s stability by detecting and minimizing skids.[3] When ESC detects loss of steering control, it automatically applies the brakes to help steer the… …   Wikipedia

  • straight-line stability — See directional stability …   Dictionary of automotive terms

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”