Manuel Ávila Camacho

Manuel Ávila Camacho
45th President of Mexico
In office 1 December 1940 – 30 November 1946
Preceded by	Lázaro Cárdenas
Succeeded by	Miguel Alemán
Personal details
Born	24 April 1897(1897-04-24) Teziutlán, Puebla
Died	13 October 1955(1955-10-13) (aged 58) Estado de México
Nationality	Mexican
Political party	Institutional Revolutionary Party
Spouse(s)	Soledad Orozco
Religion	Catholic

Manuel Ávila Camacho (24 April 1897 – 13 October 1955) served as the President of Mexico from 1940 to 1946.

Manuel Ávila was born in the city of Teziutlán, a small town in Puebla, to middle-class parents, Manuel Ávila Castillo and Eufrosina Camacho Bello. He had several siblings, among them sister María Jovita Ávila Camacho and several brothers. Two of his brothers, Maximino Ávila and Rafael Ávila Camacho both served as governors of Puebla. Ávila did not receive a university degree, although he studied at the National Preparatory School. He joined the army in 1914 as a 2nd lieutenant and reached the status of Colonel by 1920 and, in the same year, served as the Chief of Staff of the state of Michoacán under Lázaro Cárdenas, and became his close friend. In 1929, he fought under general Cárdenas against the Escobar Rebellion and, that same year, achieved the rank of Brigade General. He was married to Soledad Orozco García, who was born in Zapopan, Jalisco. Soledad Orozco was one of the Orozcos of the State of Jalisco. She was born in 1904 and died in 1996.

After his military service, Ávila entered the public arena in 1933–1934 as the Official Mayor of the Secretariat of National Defense, and became Secretary of National Defense in 1937. Two years later, he was elected president of Mexico, after being appointed to represent his party. Ávila won a controversial presidential election over right wing candidate Juan Andreu Almazan. The day of the election was marked by violence, and the electoral process was likely tainted with electoral fraud.

Presidential term

Manuel Ávila Camacho, in Monterrey, having dinner with U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt.

During his term, Ávila faced the difficulty of World War II. After [two] of Mexico's ships carrying oil were destroyed by German submarines in the Gulf of Mexico, Ávila declared war against the Axis powers on 22 May 1942. 15,000 Mexican soldiers fought in the war, on a variety of fronts, including an Airborne squadron, the 201st, to fight the Japanese in the Pacific. Furthermore, starting a period of friendship with the United States, Ávila cooperated in the war effort, providing his northern neighbour with 300,000 workers under the Bracero Program to replace some of the Americans who had left to fight in the war. Mexico also resumed diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom and Soviet Union, which had been broken off during the presidency of his predecessor. In 1944, Mexico signed the United Nations Charter and the following year became the headquarters of the Interamerican Conference about War and Peace.

Ávila was a professed Catholic, which was a change from his predecessors in the first half of the twentieth century who had been strongly anticlerical.^[1] His open profession of faith was politically dangerous as it risked the ire of Mexican anticlericals.^[2]

Domestically, Ávila protected the working class, creating social security in 1943 and working to reduce illiteracy. He continued land reform and declared a rent freeze to benefit low-income citizens. He also promoted election reform, creating new requirements that made it impossible for communists to run. He was also responsible, on 18 January 1946, for renaming what had been the Party of the Mexican Revolution (PRM) to the name it carries today, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).

When his term ended in 1946, Ávila retired to work on his farm. He died on 13 October 1955.

References

1. ^ Tuck, Jim, Mexico's marxist guru: Vicente Lombardo Toledano (1894–1968) Mexconnect, 9 October 2008
2. ^ Tuck, Jim, Mexico's marxist guru: Vicente Lombardo Toledano (1894–1968) Mexconnect, 9 October 2008

• Online biography
• Camp, Roderic A. Mexican Political Biographies. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona, 1982.

Persondata
Name	Avila Camacho, Manuel
Alternative names	Ávila Camacho, Manuel (Spanish)
Short description	President of Mexico (1940–1946)
Date of birth	1897-04-24
Place of birth	Teziutlán, Puebla, Mexico
Date of death	1955-10-13
Place of death	State of México, Mexico