- Anti-nationalism
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Anti-nationalism denotes the sentiments associated with the opposition to nationalism, arguing that it is undesirable or dangerous. Some anti-nationalists are humanitarians or humanists who pursue an idealist form of world community, and self-identify as world citizens. They reject chauvinism, jingoism and militarism, and want humans to live in peace rather than perpetual conflict. They do not necessarily oppose the concepts of countries, nation states, national boundaries, cultural preservation or identity politics.
Some anti-nationalists oppose all types of nationalism, even ethnic nationalism among oppressed minority groups. This strain of anti-nationalism typically advocates the elimination of national boundaries. Variations on this theme are often seen in Marxist theory. Marx and Engels rejected nationalism as a whole, believing "the working class have no country". [1] More recently, certain groups descended from the Maoist tradition of Marxism have moved towards this fiercely anti-nationalist stance in a different way than Trotskyists, saying that although it may be a painful and unpopular position to hear, ultimately opposing all nationalism strengthens proletarian internationalism. Many Trotskyists, however, such as Chris Harman, were critical of nationalism while advocating support for what they saw as progressive national struggles. [2]
In recent times, Islamism has been described as anti-nationalist movement, emphasizing Muslims and discarding the notion of nationality.
Anarchism has developed a critique of nationalism that focuses on nationalism's role in justifying and consolidating state power and domination. Through its unifying goal, nationalism strives for centralization, both in specific territories and in a ruling elite of individuals, while it prepares a population for capitalist exploitation. Within anarchism, this subject has been treated extensively by Rudolf Rocker in Nationalism and Culture and by the works of Fredy Perlman, such as Against His-Story, Against Leviathan and "The Continuing Appeal of Nationalism".[3]
In his "Aphorisms on the Wisdom of Life", Arthur Schopenhauer rejected nationalism, seeing it as an abandonment of personal identity.[4] The philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche can also be seen as opposing all forms of nationalism, although he opposed virtually every other form of social movement and ideology as well.[5] Søren Kierkegaard's philosophy is a criticism and vehement rejection of Christian nationalism.[6]
Notable anti-nationalists and anti-nationalist parties
- Muhammad ibn Abdullah
- Lord Acton
- Anarchist Federation (Britain and Ireland)
- Isaac Asimov
- Hannah Arendt [7]
- Charlie Chaplin
- Arthur C. Clarke
- Kenneth Clark
- Eugene V. Debs
- Freeman Dyson
- Albert Einstein
- Emma Goldman
- Eugène Ionesco [8]
- Ruhollah Khomeini
- Vladimir Lenin
- John Lennon
- Rosa Luxemburg
- Karl Marx
- Eamonn McCann
- Lewis Mumford
- Our Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Fredy Perlman
- Progressive Labor Party
- Rudolf Rocker
- Bertrand Russell
- Carl Sagan
- Rabindranath Tagore[9]
- Leon Trotsky
- Thorstein Veblen [10]
- H.G. Wells
- T. H. White
- John Zerzan
See also
- Anationalism
- Anti-patriotism
- Anarchism and nationalism
- Anti-fascism
- Anti-Germans (political current)
- Anti-statism
- Cosmopolitanism
- Global Citizens Movement
- Internationalism (politics)
- Nationalism
- Proletarian internationalism
- Situationist Antinational
References
- ^ Nationalism: A Critical Introduction by Philip Spencer and Howard Wollman, SAGE, 2002 (pgs. 8-9).
- ^ The Return of the National Question by Chris Harman, a Trotskyist analysis and critique of nationalism.
- ^ The Continuing Appeal of Nationalism by Fredy Perlman.Detroit, Black & Red Publishers, 1985.
- ^ The Morality of Nationalism, edited by Robert McKim and Jeff McMahan.Oxford University Press US, 1997 (pg. 121).
- ^ Feminist Interpretations of Friedrich Nietzsche edited by Kelly Oliver and Marilyn Pearsall. Penn State Press, 1998 (pg. 288)
- ^ Kierkegaard's Critique of Christian Nationalism, Stephen Backhouse. Oxford University Press, 2011 (pg. 2)
- ^ "Hannah Arendt as a Critic of Nationalism", in Liberalism, Nationalism, Citizenship: Essays on the problem of political community by Ronald Beiner. UBC Press, 2003, (pgs. 129-147)
- ^ "Ionesco was not a nationalist" (letter) by Emil Simiu, New York Review of Books, Dec. 23rd 2010 - Jan 12th, 2010, p. 102.
- ^ Landscapes of Hope: Anti-Colonial Utopianism in America by Dohra Ahmad. Oxford University Press, 2009 (pgs. 94-6)
- ^ "Veblen was against nationalism because it involves wasteful, honorific, and hence barbaric rituals, ceremonies, and related phenomena". Quoted in "Introduction" by Stjepan G. Mestrovic to Thorstein Veblen by David Riesman. Transaction Publishers, 1953 (pg. xvi)
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