Concurrent Versions System

Concurrent Versions System

Developer(s)	The CVS Team
Initial release	November 19, 1990; 21 years ago (1990-11-19)
Stable release	1.11.23 / May 8, 2008; 3 years ago (2008-05-08)
Preview release	1.12.13 / July 26, 2006; 5 years ago (2006-07-26)
Written in	C
Operating system	Unix-like, Windows
Type	Revision control
License	GNU General Public License
Website	savannah.nongnu.org/projects/cvs

The Concurrent Versions System (CVS), also known as the Concurrent Versioning System, is a client-server free software revision control system in the field of software development. Version control system software keeps track of all work and all changes in a set of files, and allows several developers (potentially widely separated in space and/or time) to collaborate. Dick Grune developed CVS as a series of shell scripts in July 1986. There was a similar system available earlier in the mid-'70s developed by John Humbert.^[1]

CVS became popular with commercial software developers and also the open source software world and is released under the GNU General Public License. There is regular development to add features and fix bugs,^[2] regular builds and test results ^[3] and a correlation between development and requests for new features or bug reports^[4] which suggests^[5] that the product is mature.

Features

CVS uses a client–server architecture: a server stores the current version(s) of a project and its history, and clients connect to the server in order to "check out" a complete copy of the project, work on this copy and then later "check in" their changes. Typically, the client and server connect over a LAN or over the Internet, but client and server may both run on the same machine if CVS has the task of keeping track of the version history of a project with only local developers. The server software normally runs on Unix (although at least the CVSNT server also supports various flavors of Microsoft Windows), while CVS clients may run on any major operating-system platform.

Several developers may work on the same project concurrently, each one editing files within their own "working copy" of the project, and sending (or checking in) their modifications to the server. To avoid the possibility of people stepping on each others' toes, the server will only accept changes made to the most recent version of a file. Developers are therefore expected to keep their working copy up-to-date by incorporating other people's changes on a regular basis. This task is mostly handled automatically by the CVS client, requiring manual intervention only when an edit conflict arises between a checked-in modification and the yet-unchecked local version of a file.

If the check in operation succeeds, then the version numbers of all files involved automatically increment, and the CVS-server writes a user-supplied description line, the date and the author's name to its log files. CVS can also run external, user-specified log processing scripts following each commit. These scripts are installed by an entry in CVS's loginfo file, which can trigger email notification or convert the log data into a Web-based format.

Clients can also compare versions, request a complete history of changes, or check out a historical snapshot of the project as of a given date or as of a revision number.

Anonymous CVS

Many open-source projects allow "anonymous read access", a feature pioneered by OpenBSD. This means that clients may check out and compare versions with either a blank or simple published password (e.g., "anoncvs"); only the check-in of changes requires a personal account and password in these scenarios.

Clients can also use the "update" command in order to bring their local copies up-to-date with the newest version on the server. This eliminates the need for repeated downloading of the whole project.

CVS can also maintain different "branches" of a project. For instance, a released version of the software project may form one branch, used for bug fixes, while a version under current development, with major changes and new features, can form a separate branch.

CVS uses delta compression for efficient storage of different versions of the same file. The implementation favors files with many lines (usually text files) - in extreme cases the system may store individual copies of each version rather than deltas.

In the world of open source software, the Concurrent Version System (CVS) has long been the tool of choice for version control. And rightly so. CVS itself is free software, and its non-restrictive modus operandi and support for networked operation – which allow dozens of geographically dispersed programmers to share their work – fits the collaborative nature of the open-source world very well. CVS and its semi-chaotic development model have become cornerstones of open-source.

— Collins-Sussman, Version Control with Subversion For Subversion 1.1, 2005

Terminology

CVS labels a single project (set of related files) which it manages as a module. A CVS server stores the modules it manages in its repository. Programmers acquire copies of modules by checking out. The checked-out files serve as a working copy, sandbox or workspace. Changes to the working copy will be reflected in the repository by committing them. To update is to acquire or merge the changes in the repository with the working copy.

History and status

CVS developed from an earlier versioning-system called Revision Control System (RCS) (still^[update] in use) which manages individual files but not whole projects. Dick Grune has provided some brief historical notes about CVS on his site. To quote:

I created CVS to be able to cooperate with my students, Erik Baalbergen and Maarten Waage, on the ACK (Amsterdam Compiler Kit) C compiler. The three of us had vastly different schedules (one student was a steady 9-5 worker, the other was irregular, and I could work on the project only in the evenings). Their project ran from July 1984 to August 1985. CVS was initially called cmt, for the obvious reason that it allowed us to commit versions independently.

— Dick Grune, Dick Grune's website

Grune publicly released the code to mod.sources on June 23, 1986: Google Groups continues to archive and serve the original usenet post.

The code that eventually evolved into the current version of CVS started with Brian Berliner in April 1989, with later input from Jeff Polk and many other contributors. Brian Berliner wrote a paper introducing his improvements to the CVS program which describes how the tool was extended and used internally by Prisma, a third-party developer working on the SunOS kernel, and was released for the benefit of the community under the GPL. On November 19, 1990, CVS version 1.0 was submitted to the Free Software Foundation for development and distribution.^[6]

CVS introduced the implementation of branching into version control systems: the branching techniques in other systems all derive from the CVS implementation as documented in 1990.^[7] Whilst RCS did incorporate the concept of branches - they were for individual files only.

CVS has always solidly supported distributed, multi-site and offline operations due to the unreliability of the few computer networks that existed at the time CVS evolved.

Active development of CVS continues with new releases correlating directly with requests for new features or bug reports^[8], with the latest version released May 2008, and only some maintenance bugfixes since then in the CVS project's own CVS repository.^[9] which suggests^[10] that the product is mature.

Development of the Microsoft Windows port of CVS has split off into a separate project named CVSNT and has been more active in extending the feature set of the system, even porting the changes back to the UNIX platform.

Relationship with GNU

Historically, the relationship between CVS and the GNU project could appear somewhat ambiguous: the GNU Web site distributed the program, labelling it "GNU package" on one page and "other GPL-licensed project" on another. Clarification came recently^[update] when CVS development moved from cvshome.org to savannah.nongnu.org, with CVS officially assigned to the non-gnu category. On the FTP site, the program has traditionally resided in the /non-gnu/ directory and still does.

Criticism

The developers of CVS claim that many of the listed common criticisms of CVS were planned carefully and implemented intentionally into CVS:

• Revisions created by a commit are per file, rather than spanning the collection of files that make up the project or spanning the entire repository. At the occasional times that a release is made a tag can be performed to associate the set of revisions with a meaningful release name (e.g.: Office 2010).
• CVS does not version the moving or renaming of files and directories. It was implemented this way because in the past refactoring was avoided in development processes.^[11] More recently the thinking has changed and refactoring can be managed by an administrator (by directly moving the RCS file in the repository, provided that the administrator knows what he or she is doing) as it is required
• No versioning of symbolic links. Symbolic links stored in a version control system can pose a security risk - someone can create a symbolic link index.htm to /etc/passwd and then store it in the repository; when the "code" is exported to a Web server the Web site now has a copy of the system security file available for public inspection. A developer may prefer the convenience and accept the responsibility to decide what is safe to version and what is not; a project manager or auditor may prefer to reduce the risk by using build scripts that require certain privileges and conscious intervention to execute.
• Limited support for Unicode and non-ASCII filenames. Many Unix systems run in UTF-8,^[12] and so CVS on such systems handles UTF-8 filenames natively, but relying on native character sets can cause problems when multiple encodings are used (e.g. clients are running another OS, such as AS/400 or legacy versions of Windows).
• No atomic commit. The network and server used should have sufficient resilience that a commit can complete without ever crashing. In many code management processes, development work is performed on branches (for example, add feature A1234), and then merged into the trunk after code review - that final merge is 'atomic' and performed in the data center by QA. The term atomic is sometimes referred to in the transactional database sense where a commit will automatically roll back should it fail for any reason, and sometimes referred to in the sense that each commit can be uniquely identified. If each commit needs to be tracked then this can be handled by modifying the correct trigger.
• Expensive branch operations. CVS assumes that the majority of work will take place on the trunk — branches should generally be short-lived or historical. When used as designed, branches are easily managed and branch operations are efficient and fast.^[13][14]
• CVS treats files as textual by default. Text files should be the primary file type stored in the CVS repository. Binary files are supported and files with a particular file extension can automatically be recognized as being binary.
• No support for distributed revision control or unpublished changes. Programmers should commit changes to the files often for frequent merging and rapid publication to all users.

Over time, developers have wanted to change the CVS code significantly to add new features, refactor the code, alter the operational model and improve developers' productivity. This has led to the phrase YACC: "Yet Another CVS Clone" (itself a play on the Unix command named yacc, which stands for "yet another compiler compiler"). CVS replacement projects include CVSNT (first released 1998), EVS (first released 2008), OpenCVS (not released as of 11 April 2011^[15]) and Subversion^[16][17] (initially released in 2004^[18]) and numerous systems to support distributed revision control.

See also

Free software portal

• OpenCVS, BSD-licensed implementation of CVS that is developed as a part of the OpenBSD project.
• StatCVS, a program that generates graphical reports about CVS repositories.
• TortoiseCVS, a shell-integrated CVSNT client for Windows (commonly used with CVS servers)^[19][20]
• Bonsai CVS code management system, a tool to report on files, directories, and branches under CVS management.
• Cervisia, a KDE GUI frontend for CVS
• ViewVC, a browser interface for CVS repositories
• OpenGrok, a browser interface for CVS repositories
• CodeBeamer (software), a Collaborative Application Lifecycle Management solution with built-in CVS support.

IDEs with support for CVS

• Anjuta
• Aqua Data Studio
• Vim
  • plugin: Menu for CVS-Versioncontrol
• Emacs
• Dev-C++
• Eclipse
  • Aptana
• NetBeans
• IntelliJ IDEA
• wxDev-C++
• KDevelop
• Komodo IDE
• Xcode
• PHPEdit
• JDeveloper
• Oracle SQL Developer
• SlickEdit
• Wing IDE Professional
• Qt Creator
• Visual Studio

References

1. ^ "CVS--Concurrent Versions System v1.12.12.1: Overview". CVS Wiki. http://ximbiot.com/cvs/wiki/CVS--Concurrent%20Versions%20System%20v1.12.12.1:%20Overview. Retrieved 12 December 2009. 
2. ^ "CVS Change Log". http://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/cvs-cvs/. Retrieved February 22, 2011. 
3. ^ "CVS Test Results". http://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/cvs-test-results/. Retrieved February 22, 2011. 
4. ^ "Requests for fixes/features". http://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/info-cvs/. Retrieved February 22, 2011. 
5. ^ "Open requests for fixes/features". http://savannah.nongnu.org/bugs/?group=cvs. Retrieved February 22, 2011. 
6. ^ initial release of version 1.0; CVS NEWS file
7. ^ CVS II: Parallelizing Software Development article by Brian Berliner
8. ^ "Requests for fixes/features". http://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/info-cvs/. Retrieved February 22, 2011. 
9. ^ "CVS ChangeLog". http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/cvs/ccvs/ChangeLog. Retrieved May 25, 2009. 
10. ^ "Open requests for fixes/features". http://savannah.nongnu.org/bugs/?group=cvs. Retrieved February 22, 2011. 
11. ^ CVS began in 1984 and the first known paper to discuss refactoring was written in 1992
12. ^ Kuhn, Markus (2009-05-11). "UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ". http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html. Retrieved 2010-07-07. 
13. ^ Collins-Sussman, Ben; Greg Ward (2004-09). "Subversion Users: Re: Performance (Subversion vs. CVS)". subversion-users. http://svn.haxx.se/users/archive-2004-09/0681.shtml. Retrieved 2010-07-07. 
14. ^ West, Adrian (2004-07). "cvs branchtag performance fix". http://www.adrianwest.org/cvs_perf_fix/cvs_perf_fix.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-07. 
15. ^ "OpenCVS". OpenCVS. http://www.opencvs.org/. Retrieved April 11, 2011. 
16. ^ "Subversion FAQ: Why does this project exist?". [[Subversion (software)|]]. http://subversion.apache.org/faq.html#why. Retrieved September 21, 2009. 
17. ^ "Dispelling Subversion FUD". Ben Collins-Sussman. http://www.red-bean.com/sussman/svn-anti-fud.html. Retrieved June 30, 2010. 
18. ^ Subversion released 23rd February 2004: and the CHANGELOG proof can be found here
19. ^ Barrett, Arthur (2010-06-25). "Anonymous or Developer checkout with TortoiseCVS". http://drupal.org/node/22293. Retrieved 2010-07-10. 
20. ^ Barrett, Arthur. "TortoiseCVS instructions – sourceforge". http://sourceforge.net/apps/trac/sourceforge/wiki/TortoiseCVS%20instructions. Retrieved 2010-07-10. 

• David Thomas; Andrew Hunt (2003). Pragmatic Version Control Using CVS. The Pragmatic Programmers. ISBN 0-9745140-0-4. http://www.pragprog.com/titles/vcc/pragmatic-version-control-using-cvs. 
• Jennifer Vesperman (2006). Essential CVS (2e ed.). O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-52703-9. 
• Per Cederqvist et al. Version Management with CVS. ISBN 0-9541617-1-8. http://www.network-theory.co.uk/docs/cvsmanual/. 
• Karl Franz Fogel; Moshe Bar. Open Source Development with CVS. ISBN 1-932111-81-6. http://cvsbook.red-bean.com/. 

External links

• Official website (currently maintained by Derek Price)
• Dick Grune's page about CVS
• Interview with Brian Berliner: CVS creator
• Introduction to CVS
• CVS Best Practices – A collection of practices for version control using CVS.
• – Combined CVS and Subversion tutorial
• Michael Amorose's How To Set Up A CVS Server Page using Red Hat Linux
• Version Management with CVS – manual for CVS 1.12.13, by Per Cederqvist et al.