Chung Thye Phin

Chung Thye Phin
This is a Chinese name; the family name is Chung.

Kapitan Chung, Thye Phin (Chinese: 鄭大平), MSC, JP (1879–1935) was a wealthy Malayan tin miner and rubber planter[1][2][3] of Hakka ancestry who was raised on the island of Penang in the state of the same name in Malaysia, known at that time as British Malaya. He was a member of the Perak Advisory Board and the last Kapitan China of Perak and Malaya.[4][5] At the time of his death he was said to have been the wealthiest man in Penang.[6]

Contents

A Famous Pedigree

Kapitan Chung Keng Quee, Mandarin 2nd Class of the Imperial Chinese Court and leader of the Hai San secret society in British Malaya had nine male issue, the 4th and best known of whom was Chung, Thye-phin. Chung Thye Phin's Ch'i Yeh or godfather was Chin Seng Yam (Chin Ah Yam), the leader of the Ghee Hin, once the enemy of his father who was leader of the opposing Hai San, both factions (Ghee Hin and Hai San) fighting for domination of the tin fields of Larut.

A Child of Taiping and Georgetown

Kapitan Chung, Thye Phin (Zheng Daping 鄭大平) was born 28 Sep 1879 in Kota,[7] Taiping, Perak, Malaya. He received his education at the St. Xavier's, Penang. Upon leaving school, he was initiated into his father's business.[8] In 1902 he was granted a certificate of naturalisation.[9]

The Miner

An enterprising youth with a flair for progress, he later started a number of tin mines of his own, including a deep-shaft mine at Tronoh or Teronoh, adjoining the famous mine of the same name, and the hydraulic mine at Batu Tugoh. Tronoh was the centre of the mining field containing the mine of Chung Thye Phin's Tronoh Mines Company Ltd.[8]

His open-cast mines were operated on the most modern system in his time. He had the distinction of being the first Chinese miner to have introduced the latest appliances on the mines, under the supervision of a European engineer.[8]

Together with Ho Man and Foo Choong Nyit, Chung Thye Phin co-founded the Toh Allang Chinese Tin Company in Perak, the first Chinese limited liability company, in 1925.[10] He was also a founder and member of the Board of Directors of the Eastern Smelting Company (1908),[11][12] Ltd along with Eu Tong Sen, Ng Boo Bee, Ong Hung Chong, Khaw Joo Tok and his nephew Khaw Bian Kee.[13][14][15]

Revenue Farmer

He also had vast interests in some of the Government revenue farm monopolies. On 2, July 1903, the public tenders were declared open for the running of the Kedah and Penang Opium Farms. There were eight tenders. The highest tender was made by Chung Thye Phin for the Penang farm at $260,000 a month.[16]

An understanding was reached that: (i) the government cut the Penang opium farm from the $260,000 a month tendered by Chung Thye Phin to $220,000 (later reduced to $217,000), and agreed that the syndicate could have both the Penang and Kedah farms at an overall price of $260,000 per month; (ii) Gan Ngoh Bee (Ng Bo Bee) could have half the farm, but the other half should go to Chung Thye Phin, whose tender was the highest; and (iii) the government would undertake to secure the Kedah farm on behalf of the Penang syndicate at $40,000 a month with one-to-three months' deposits.[16]

Public Life

Chung Thye Phin was a committee member of the Penang Chinese Chamber of Commerce (檳城華人商部局) which was founded in June 1903 and before that served as a President of the Penang Chinese Town Hall (平章公館) established in 1881. At one time he even led the Penang Chinese Literary Association.[17]

Despite his many business concerns, Chung Thye Phin envinced a lively interest in various philanthropic works, foreign famine funds and local charities.

In 1904 he subscribed (1,000) to the building fund for the founding of the Seven States Medical School.[18][19][20][21][22][23] At a Chinese concert at Ipoh in 1908 in aid of the Canton famine fund he paid $100 for a plate of icecream.[24]

According to a deed dating back to 1906, he was one of the trustees of the Penang Chinese Recreation Club.[25]

He donated a fountain to the Penang Turf Club and the Taiping Lake Gardens to the Perak State Government.[26] Both of these still exist today.[27][28]

This worthy scion of Kapitan Chung, Keng Quee was the recipient of a tasseled "gold medal" from the Government of Indo China (Annam) for his liberal gifts to the Relief Fund. (Vide "The Chung Family Record", op. cit., pp. 9–12)

He appears in the 1904 List of Qualified Jurors. He was just 25 years of age at that time.

He was a member of the board of governors of the Yuk Choy school in Ipoh which began Standard 5 and 6 classes in 1908.[29][30]

He was appointed in March 1918, by Sir Arthur Henderson Young to be a member of the Federal Council of the Federated Malay States during the temporary absence of the Honourable Mr. Eu Tong Sen.[31]

He also served as a member of the Commission to enquire into and report on the Mining Industry, for which all the members were thanked by Mr. E. L. Brockman, Chief Secretary, F. M. S., for "the thoroughness with which you have gone into the various and important points raised and the clearness with which the conclusion arrived at regarding them have been recorded". (K. L., F. M. S. Correspondence Ref: No. 508-1919 dated 29th Jan., 1920)

At about this time he was awarded a Justice of the Peace.

In October 1920 he was appointed President of the Chinese Widow's and Orphan's Institution, Perak at its seventeenth annual general meeting in Ipoh.[32]

On 24 March 1921, His Highness Iskandar Shah K. C. M. G., the Sultan of Perak, with the advice of Colonel W. J. P. Hume, British Resident, Perak, conferred on him the title of "Kapitan China", in all probability, the last of the Chinese Kapitans in Malaya.[33]

He was installed by the Sultan of Perak in Kuala Kangsar amidst much traditional pomp and pagentry. His appointment was so popular with the community that he was escorted to Kuala Kangsar by the delegates of more than 70 Chinese organisations from Perak.[34]

In 1923, at the annual general meeting of the Perak Cinese Dramatic Club, he was elected Patron.[35]

He presided over the Association of States and Straits Representatives (representing Chinese born in the Federated Malay States and the Straits Settlements) in 1923.[36]

In 1926, together with Leong Sin Nam he was elected an honorary member of the Ipoh Club, whose members till then were restricted to the European community. The Times of Malaya said this was a compliment which should further cement the good feeling existing between the European and Chinese communities in Kinta.[37]

According to berita.perak.gov.my, Foo Yet Kai, another Perak philanthropist, bought Chung Thye Phin's villa in Ipoh from the family of the late Kapitan and later gave permission for it to be converted into a private hospital, then known as Our Lady's Hospital and run by the Franciscan Sisters from Salzkotten, Germany. The hospital subsequently was renamed Kinta Medical Centre in the 1980's when the Foo Yet Kai Foundation took over the administration.

In 1905 together with a few others, he maintained 'Seng Kee' a Mess patronized by wealthy miners and merchants including Foo Choo Choon with whom he had familial and business relations.[38]

The Sportsman

It is known that he owned expensive cars, prize-winning horses, and even issued his own currency for use in his mines.

Motoring was one of his passions.

Chung Thye Phin was an enthusiastic sportsman and on more than one occasion won the Blue Ribbon of the Straits Turf apart from many lesser events. Among his racing trophies are one for the 1905 Singapore Derby won by one of his horses, Devilment. He was also a good billiards player.[8]

He was also said to be a first class billiard player and played an exhibition match with world billiard champion John Roberts at the E&O Hotel in the early 1900s.[39]

Minting His Own Money

At one time, during the latter part of the first World War, he was among the few who were permitted by the Government to print and issue 10-cent notes for circulation. Chung Thye Phin first issued private banknotes in 10 cent denominations on February 11, 1918.

These notes were only circulated within his mining concessions and the Kapitan's trading outlets at Phin Kee Chan in Ipoh and were used by large numbers of labourers in the mining areas in exchange for goods (Source: Museum Numismatik Maybank). No other denominations have been discovered.

Circa 1918 the notes bear the legends Ten Cents "Phin Kee Chan Ten Cents" at top and bottom border and "Phin Kee Chan" at left and right border. The legend Chung Thye Phin was printed in a black panel diagonally. On the top left corner is a value of "10cents" and written in Chinese on the right is "bearer of this bill may exchange 10c from Phin Kee Chan". Embossed on it was an oval seal bearing the legend of Chung Thye Phin.[40]

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CTPbanknotefront.jpg & http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CTPbanknoteback.jpg)

Architectural Memorials

Chung Thye Phin Building, 14 Station Road in Ipoh, Perak is a three-storey corner building from 1907. It originally housed the Medical Hall established by Dr. R.M. Connolly, the Oilfileds Dispensaries Ltd. and more recently the George Town Dispensary. Mr W. Cecil Payne, managing director of the Times of Malaya and a member of the Institute of Incorporated Accountants, had offices in Chung Thye Phin's buildings.[8][41]

Apart from Phin Kee Chan (referred to by many other names, among them the Chung Thye Phin Building), he is also associated with his father's townhouse cum office in Penang, Hye Kee Chan, and with some other structures, like his country house on Dummond Hill in Taiping, Perak.[42]

His villa in the heart of Ipoh, was bought by Foo Yet Kai who later allowed its conversion, free of rent, to a private hospital, then known as Our Lady’s Hospital. It was administered by the Sisters of the Franciscan Missionaries of the Divine Motherhood from April 1964 to Jan 1983 but has now been taken over by The Kinta Medical Centre.[43]

The fabled Chung Thye Phin Mansion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CTPMansion.jpg) at Gurney Drive on Penang island (the address at the time was No 2 Kelawai Road) with its subterranean passageways and chambers was, after his passing, sold and turned into a hotel (The Shanghai Hotel) in the late 1930s but was later demolished in 1964 and on its footprint now stands an imposing condominium (1 Gurney Drive). Author Queeny Chang gives an extensive description of the place and her experience of it in her autobiography.[44][45] At one time it served to house a club for German U-boatmen.[46]

He designed Relau Villa (also on Penang island), his holiday resort with a swimming pool ringed by private and other types of rooms. Its derelict structure can still be seen and explored at Taman Metropolitan, Relau in Penang, today. According to family history Kapitan Chung Thye Phin was inspired by the artistic canals of Venice and the enchanting ponds and lakes of China when he designed the swimming-pool, which was constructed by Mr. B. H. Ung (Ung Ban Hoe was attached to the architectural firm of Stark & McNeil), the first Chinese architect who introduced reinforced concrete buildings to the community, notably the Ban Hin Lee Bank.[47][48][49]

A commentary by his grand daughter, Oola goes, "Chung Thye Phin had many residences, some of them mansions, in Penang, Ipoh and Taiping. His residence in what is now Persiaran Gurney was the most famous, with its grand entertaining rooms and undersea wing. It was built before there was a Persiaran Gurney or a Gurney Drive, and was therefore right on the shore. His largest residence in Ipoh was in a street that carried his name (and still does). This mansion now serves as a hospital. He built a summer house on a large estate near Relau and surrounded it with gardens, orchards and fish ponds. However its most striking feature was the fact that it was built around a swimming pool (the first in Penang) in the Roman tradition. This house still exists in its ruined state, now surrounded by high rise 21st century flats. There are indeed many stories to be told about Chung Thye Phin."

He also had property on Penang Hill, as was the way with the rich in those days. His was a bungalow named, simply, "Highlands".

Several articles have been published, mentioning these properties and erroneously attributing them to Thye Phin's father, Chung Keng Quee who died in 1901, well before any of these were built.[50][51]

The Traveller

A widely-travelled Malayan, Kapitan Chung Thye Phin had gone round the world on many a business-cum-pleasure trip. On one occasion, he undertook a perilous trip up the scenic gorges of the Yangtze River at Chungking, China, thus earning for himself the distinction of being the first non-China-born Chinese to have made the venture. It was here that he was enraptured by Nature's inimitable splendour.

A Road In His Honour

In Perak he was honoured with roads named after him. Jalan Chung Thye Phin in Ipoh borders the Kinta Medical Centre. This location is appropriate - the Centre, a private hospital under the administration of the Foo Yet Kai foundation, was formerly the family mansion of Chung Thye Phin. There is another road named in his honour in his birthplace of Taiping.

Well Connected

Chung Thye Phin rubbed shoulders with the rich and powerful including Sultan Iskandar Shah of Perak, a polo lover. A photograph in the National Archives shows him sitting next to the Sultan.[52]

He was among the group of Chinese towkays who presented the address to King George V when he visited Singapore in 1901 as Duke of Cornwall.[53]

In February 1907 When the Duke and the Duchess of Connaught and Princess Patricia paid an official visit to Penang in Feb. 1907, they were driven by Kapitan Chung Thye Phin in his own private car.[54]

In 1921 he feted Sir Ernest Woodford Birch at his Ipoh residence having invited all the old residents of Perak, European and Chinese.[55]

Chung, Thye Phin and Eu, Tong Sen

Eu Tong Sen and Chung Thye Phin were "blood" brothers. They went through Chinese ceremony to become "Keet Bye Heng Tai". When Chung Thye Phin travelled to Hong Kong, he stayed in Eu Tong Sen's villa there and they kept an account of his expenses in the company's account books. Eu Tong Sen's villa in HK was called "Eucliff". It has been torn down. It was built at Repulse Bay, HK, overlooking the sea. The property was huge. It was built with stone like a castle. It included within its walled area a tennis court and also a swimming pool.

Eu Tong Sen and Chung Thye Phin had common interests – motorcars, racehorses, country houses, etc. 1903 when the Ipoh Gymkhana Club was founded, both of them decided to enter their thoroughbreds regularly in the Ipoh races. They jointly built a weekend retreat, “Forest Lodge”, at Gopeng Road with a large stable. In April 1912 Eu Tong Sen was appointed the permanent Chinese Member of the Federal Council, the seat having fallen vacant on the demise of Leong Fee. Chung Thye Phin sold his half-share to Eu Tong Sen who desired grander accommodations following the latter's elevation in status. Chung Thye Phin in turn bought Drummond’s Hill in Taiping, a 50-acre (200,000 m2) estate and the former Residency of Sir Hugh Low.[56] In 1908, together with Chung Thye Phin he built a large Chinese theatre in the important mining town of Kampar near Ipoh.[8]

Chung, Thye Phin's Penang firms served as the agent for Eu, Tong Sen in Penang before he (Eu) opened a branch on the island. Eu Tong Sen's Penang branch, at least according to business directories, was the latest in his branch office network. It seemed to have opened only in 1920.

Education and Official Appointments

He studied at St. Xavier's Institution on Penang Island.[57] He was a patron of the Khek Community Guild (Singapore). He was appointed trustee of the Penang Tseng-Lung Hui-kuan in 1916 and tasked with overhauling the association, removing irresponsible elements from the association and repairing its premises.[58][59] He also played an important role in the administration of the country, and was both a State Councillor and a Federal Councillor. He was a member of the Perak State Advisory Board and the last Kapitan China of Perak and Malaya. In 1900 he replaced his father as member of the Perak State Council, a position held by Chung Keng Quee since the council was first formed in 1877.[60][61] On March 24, 1921, His Highness Iskandar Shah K. C. M. G., the Sultan of Perak, conferred on him the title of "Kapitan China". His installation ceremony was held on the 28th of March in the royal town of Kuala Kangsar and included a procession that went around the town, accompanied by firecrackers.[62]

Personal life

He was the son of Kapitan Chung Keng Quee (also spelt as Chung Ah Kwee) an immigrant from China. He had 7 wives but was survived by 6 of them who gave him 10 sons and 7 daughters. Chung Thye Phin was born in 1879 in Taiping, lived most of his life in Penang and passed on in 1935.

Sons:
Chung, Kok Soon (KS, deceased 2006)
Chung, Kok Ching (KC, deceased 1994)
Chung, Kok Choon (Peter, deceased 1996)
Chung, Kok Heng (Frankie deceased)
Chung, Kok Khen (Khen, deceased 2006)
Chung, Kok En (Dennis, living in the UK)
Chung, Kok Tong (Henry, deceased 2001)
Chung, Kok Leong (Leon, living in the US)
Chung, Kok Choy (Kenny, deceased 2005)
Chung, Kok Chuan (George, deceased 2009)

Daughters:
Chung, Yuet See
Chung, Yuet Kuen
Chung, Guat Hooi
Chung, Guat Hong
Chung, Guat Kheng
Chung, Yuet Wah
Chung, Yuet Fong

Quotations

Mr. Chung Thye Phin, M.C. (owner of mines in Gopeng, Taiping, and Tronoh districts): "I do not look for any general expansion of the industry. We are now greatly troubled with our coolies, who are independent and desert freely. In view of these labour troubles, I have installed tramming services where possible, and lengthened the working day."[63]

Notes / Sources

  1. Re-examination of the “Chinese nationalism” and Categorization of the Chinese in Malaya: The Case of the Chinese in Penang, 1890s-1910s by SHINOZAKI Kaori, Ph.D. student, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences University of Tokyo
  2. The Singapore and Straits Directory and the F.M.S. Directory under Eu Tong Sen.
  3. Mr Koh, Keng We co author of Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Malaya: the Case of Eu Tong Sen
  4. THE KAPITAN SYSTEM - XI Sunday Gazette, June 19, 1960, By Wu Liu (pen name of Mr. C. S. Wong/Wong, Choon Sang)
  5. A gallery of Chinese kapitans. by Mr. C. S. Wong/Wong, Choon Sang; Published in Singapore: Ministry of Culture, 1963. 114p. [DS596 Won]
  6. Twentieth Century impressions of British Malaya: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources, by Arnold Wright, Published 1908 - Page 130, 203, 252, 262, 508, 509, 568
  7. Record of Meritous Deeds of the Chung Family, op. cit., pp. 9–12
  8. K. L. F. M. S. Correspondence Ref: No 3663-1917 dated 20 March 1918
  9. K. L., F. M. S. Correspondence Ref: No. 508-1919 dated 29th Jan., 1920
  10. "Miscellaneous Chronicles of Penang", Kuang, Kuo-hsiang op. cit., pp. 112–113
  11. The Case of the Chinese in Penang, 1890s-1910s | SHINOZAKI Kaori, Ph.D. student
  12. 200 years of the Hakkas in Penang (檳城客家兩百年) By the Federation of Hakka Associations of Malaysia
  13. Reveal the True Face of Secret Societies (揭開私會黨真面目) Written by Guo Rende (郭仁德) Published by the Malaysian Chinese Cultural Center
  14. "The Luxuriant Tree" and "Chung Keng Kwee, the Hakka Kapitan" by CHUNG Yoon-Ngan (鄭永元)
  15. The installation of Chung Thye Phin as Capitan in 1921. G.1784 (N.22/84) National Archives of Malaysia.
  16. List of Qualified Jurors, Penang, 1904 transcribed from the Straits Settlements Government Gazette, December 23, 1904.
  17. Heritage Road named in honour of Chung Thye Phin by Sita Ram, Stories Of Yesteryear, The Ipoh Echo 16–31 March 2006
  18. Timothy Tye who has been researching Chung Keng Quee for AsiaExplorers and historian Khoo Salma Nasution
  19. The Tin Resources of the British Empire by Norman Mosley Penzer, published by W. Rider in 1921, page 90 of 716 pages.
  20. Chinese Architecture in the Straits Settlements and Western Malaya: Temples, Kongsis, and Houses By David Kohl - Originally published as the author's thesis (M.A.--University of Hong Kong, 1978) - Published by Heinemann Asia, 1984. ISBN 967-925-066-0, ISBN 978-967-925-066-4

See also

  1. Chinese Business in Southeast Asia: Contesting Cultural Explanations, Researching Entrepreneurship By H. Hsiao, Edmund Terence Gomez, Xinhuang Xiao, Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao, Published by Routledge, 2001, ISBN 0-7007-1415-4, ISBN 978-0-7007-1415-5
  2. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Vol. 3, pt. 2 comprises a monograph entitled: British Malaya, 1864–1867, by L.A. Mills, with appendix by C. O. Blagden, 1925. Issued also separately) By Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Malayan Branch Published by The Branch, 1923
  1. ^ Chinese Business in Southeast Asia: Contesting Cultural Explanations by Edmund Terence Gomez, Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao, Page 169
  2. ^ He was appointed a member of the Federation Malay States Rubber Restriction Committee in 1922 - The Straits Times, 28 October 1922, Page 8National Library of Singapore microfilm reel NL499
  3. ^ The rise of ersatz capitalism in South-East Asia‎ - Page 203
  4. ^ The Straits Times, 5 October 1903, Page 5, National Library of Singapore microfilm reel NL294
  5. ^ DEATH OF CAPITAN CHUNG THYE PIN. One Of Malaya's Pioneer Motorists, The Straits Times, 1 April 1935, Page 15
  6. ^ The Straits Times, 31 March 1935, Page 1, National Library of Singapore microfilm reel NL2360
  7. ^ The principal village in Taiping at the time of the larut wars was Kota which was about four kilometers from Klian Pauh: Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 64 By Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Malaysian Branch, 1991, page 4
  8. ^ a b c d e f Twentieth Century Impressions of British Malaya: Its History, People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources By Arnold Wright, H. A. Cartwright Published by Lloyd's Greater Britain publishing company, limited, 1908
  9. ^ The Straits Times, 24 May 1902, Page 4, National Library of Singapore microfilm reel NL288
  10. ^ Straits Tin; a Brief Account of the First Seventy-five Years of the Straits Trading Company, Limited. 1887-1962. By K G Tregonning. Published by Straits Times Press, 1962.
  11. ^ More than merchants: a history of the German-speaking community in Penang, 1800s-1940s By Salma Nasution Khoo, Areca Books (2006), ISBN 9834283415, ISBN 9789834283414
  12. ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 79, Issue 1 by The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, JMBRAS 2006, Pg 64
  13. ^ Chinese Business Enterprise By Rajeswary Ampalavanar Brown. Published by Taylor & Francis, 1996. ISBN 0-415-14293-8, ISBN 978-0-415-14293-9. Pp 61, 62, 63, 64. Chapter 3: The Khaw group: Chinese business in early twentieth-century Penang by J. W. Cushman
  14. ^ The Rise of Ersatz Capitalism in South-East Asia, By Kunio Yoshihara, Published by Oxford University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-19-588885-5, ISBN 978-0-19-588885-0, p 203
  15. ^ The Straits Times, 2 November 1909, Page 6
  16. ^ a b Chinese Business in the Making of a Malay State, 1882-1941: Kedah and Penang By Wu Xiao An, Xiao An Wu Published by Routledge, 2003; ISBN 0-415-30176-9, ISBN 978-0-415-30176-3
  17. ^ Page 70. Records and Recollections (1889-1934): Chinese Women, Prostitution & a Welfare Organisation By Neil Jin Keong Khor, Keat Siew Khoo, Izrin Muaz Md. Adnan. Published by Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 2004. ISBN 967-9948-32-3, ISBN 978-967-9948-32-5. 181 pages
  18. ^ TAN TECK GUAN BUILDING, COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE by YKLee, SING MED J. 1988; 29:289-292
  19. ^ Lee, Y.K. "The founding of the Medical School in Singapore (Part I)". S, Med. J. 1980; 21:544-55.
  20. ^ Lee, Y.K. "The founding of the Medical School in Singapore (Part II)". S. Med. J. 1980; 21:666-76.
  21. ^ The Straits Settlements Medical Report, 1909, 1910, 1911.
  22. ^ The Straits Times, 22 June 1911,24 June 1911.
  23. ^ Singapore Free Press, 26 June 1911.
  24. ^ The Straits Times, 22 September 1908, Page 6, National Library of Singapore microfilm reel NL316
  25. ^ [Timothy Tye on the Chinese Recreation Club, Penang http://www.penang-traveltips.com/chinese-recreation-club.htm
  26. ^ Sita Ram, Stories Of Yesteryear, The Ipoh Echo, 16–31 March 2006
  27. ^ Chung Thye Phin Fountain donated to the Penang Turf Club (1904) by Walter Macfarlane & Co and The Saracen Foundry Glasgow
  28. ^ Penang Heritage Buildings, Penang Heritage Trust
  29. ^ SCHOOL OF THE COMMUNITY: THE ROLE AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMJK YUK CHOY IPOH by Foo Ho Loke, Ex-Principal (1998–1999), published in 1999.
  30. ^ School Tablets, Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan Yuk Choy, Ipoh
  31. ^ Correspondence related to the appointment of Chung Thye Phin to the position of Unofficial Member of the Federal Council of the Federated Malay States during the temporary absence on leave of the Eu Tong Sen by Sir Arthur Henderson Young then High Commissioner of the Federated Malay States.
  32. ^ The Straits Times, 6 October 1920, Page 8, National Library of Singapore microfilm reel NL472
  33. ^ The Impact of Chinese Secret Societies in Malaya: A Historical Study By Wilfred Blythe, Royal Institute of International Affairs Published by / Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs [by] Oxford U.P., 1969
  34. ^ "Miscellaneous Chronicles of Penang", Kuang, Kuo-hsiang op. cit., pp. 112-113
  35. ^ The Straits Times, 12 November 1923, Page 15, National Library of Singapore microfilm reel NL512
  36. ^ The Straits Times, 26 July 1923, Page 15, National Library of Singapore microfilm reel NL508
  37. ^ The Straits Times, 15 May 1926, Page 10, National Library of Singapore microfilm reel NL542
  38. ^ Kinta Valley: pioneering Malaysia's modern development (384 pages) by Salma Nasution Khoo and Abdur-Razzaq Lubis, Published 2005 by Perak Academy, ISBN 983-42113-0-9, 9789834211301, Page 235
  39. ^ The Straits Times, 25 October 1953, Page 12
  40. ^ Paper Currency of Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei (1849-1970) By William Shaw, Mohd. Kassim Haji Ali Published by Muzium Negara Malaysia, 1971
  41. ^ Ipoh: The Town That Tin Built, a Review of the History, Progress and Development of Perak's Capital Published for the Ipoh Municipal Council by Phoenisc Communications, 1962
  42. ^ The Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society By Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Malaysian Branch, Singapore Published 1991, Vol. 3, pt. 2 comprises a monograph entitled: British Malaya, 1864-1867, by L.A. Mills, with appendix by C. O. Blagden, 1925. Issued also separately.
  43. ^ Patriarch well known for his generosity published in The Star, January 7, 2002
  44. ^ Page 50, Memories of a Nonya By Queeny Chang Published by Eastern Universities Press, 1981 ISBN 9971-71-145-1, ISBN 978-9971-71-145-0.
  45. ^ Malaya: 500 Early Postcards (288 pages) by Cheah Jin Seng, Published by Editions Didier Millet, 2008, ISBN 981-4155-98-5, 9789814155984
  46. ^ Shooting the War By Otto Giese, James E. Wise, Jr.
  47. ^ Urban exploration - Malaysia
  48. ^ CS Wong - Gallery of Chinese Kapitans
  49. ^ http://spi.com.sg/forum/viewtopic.php?t=12574
  50. ^ Mysteries of dilapidated mansion By K. Kasturi Dewi, The Star, Saturday October 13, 2007
  51. ^ Pioneer businessman by Clarence Y K Ngui published in Malaysian Business, Oct 16, 2003
  52. ^ Group photograph, Ipoh, Perak; 1927, Seated, seventh from left to right : Raja Chulan ; Raja Muda Abdul Aziz; Capitan China Chung Thye Phin; His Highness Sultan Iskandar Shah. The occasion could have been after the installation of Chung Thye Phin as Capitan in 1921. G.1784 (N.22/84), National Archives of Malaysia Call/Reference Number 2001/0025914
  53. ^ F.M.S. Chinese Towkays Who Presented The Address To King George V, When He Visited Singapore In 1901 As The Duke Of Cornwall.Left To Right (Sitting): Foo Choo Choon, Heah Swee Lee, Chung Thye Phin, Leong Fee, Captain Yap Kwan Seng, Dr. Loke Yew C.M.G., San Peng And Chan Sow Lin. Left To Right (Standing): Mr. G.T. Hare, Yap Lin, Chai Chit Sam, Tong Takin, Li Sam, Yap Loong Hin, San Ah Wing, Lee Kong Lam And Chew Win. G.124, National Archives of Malaysia Call/Reference Number 2001/0057183
  54. ^ Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian studies‎ - Page 53, A gallery of Chinese kapitans‎ - Page 86
  55. ^ Sir Ernest Birch, The Straits Times, 27 January 1921, Page 6, National Library of Singapore microfilm reel NL475
  56. ^ Ipoh Echo
  57. ^ The Mandarin-Capitalists from Nanyang: Overseas Chinese Enterprise in the Modernisation of China 1893-1911 By Michael R. Godley with contributions from Patrick Hannan, and Denis Twitchett. Published by Cambridge university press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-52695-7, ISBN 978-0-521-52695-1
  58. ^ A short history of the Tseng-Lung Hui-kuan, Penang (檳城增龍會館).
  59. ^ The Hakka Community in Malaysia, Microfiche collection Mkf 2481 - 2487, National Library of Malaysia (Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia).
  60. ^ The Perak Pioneer & Native States Advertiser Vol Vii Taiping - Saturday Dec 14, 1901 No. 143 Page 2
  61. ^ The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (1884-1942), 22 October 1900, Page 2
  62. ^ A cycle of Chinese festivities By Choon-San Wong, Malaysia Pub. House, 1967, Pg 94
  63. ^ Malay tin-fields; mining position broadly reviewed (1906) by Stokes, Ralph S. G, published by Straits Times Press (Singapore), pp 38-39

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