- Kapitan Cina
-
Kapitan Cina or Capitan China was originally a Portuguese title for the representative of a Chinese enclave.[1][2] The 15th century rulers of Southeast Asia, such as Melaka (modern day Malacca) and Banten (or Bantam), chose to deal with a single individual from each ethnic group under their rule.[3][4] This administrative method of indirect rule was later adopted by the Portuguese when they took over Melaka in the 16th century, as well as the Dutch in the Dutch East Indies, and the English in British Malaya.[3]
Throughout Southeast Asia, Batavia (now Jakarta) arguably boasts the longest continuous history of the institution of Kapitan Cina: see the official website of the Koang Koan Archives at Leiden University. In the 17th century, the Dutch appointed Souw Beng Kong, formerly Kapitan Cina of Bantam, as the first Kapitein der Chinezen of Batavia. Through Kapitein Beng Kong, then, the Batavian Captaincy succeeded the much-earlier institution of Kapitan Cina of Bantam. It ended in 1945 with the death of Khouw Kim An, the last Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia, possibly also the last such intermediary rulers in Southeast Asia. The issue of a Luitenant, Kapitein or Majoor der Chinesen are entitled, by Jakartan custom, to the hereditary dignity of Sia.
With the end of the colonial period, the title became purely an honorary one.[3]
Contents
Kapitans of Kuala Lumpur
Yap Ah Loy was a Kapitan of Kuala Lumpur and is considered the founder of the city. The title was abolished in 1902, when Yap Kwan Seng died.
- 1858 - 1861: Hiu Siew
- 1862 - 1868: Liu Ngim Kong
- 1868 - 1885: Yap Ah Loy
- 1885 - 1889: Yap Ah Shak
- 1889 - 1902: Yap Kwan Seng
Other Kapitans China
- Koh Lay Huan, Kapitan China of Kedah, first Kapitan China of Penang
- Chung Thye Phin, last Kapitan China of Perak and Malaya
- Chung Keng Quee
- Chin Seng Yam, more commonly known as Chin Ah Yam, leader of the Ghee Hin during the Larut Wars
- Tan Ah Hun, the first Capitan China of Perak circa 1850s, father of Tan Seng Poh and father-in-law of Seah Eu Chin[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]
- Shing Kap, Capitan China of Sungei Ujong, and a Hai San headman[17][18]
- Choa Mah Soo, Capitan China of Klias and Mempakul (circa 1869)[19][20][21]
- Chua Su Cheong Capitan China of Dutch Malacca and father of Choa Chong Long[22]
- Chan Yungqua, Capitan China of Malacca (18th century)[23]
- Ah Poh, Capitan China of Lipis
- Seah Tye Heng, Capitan China of Sekudai, Johore[24]
- Lieu Chin-Fu, Capitan China of Pulai was the last Capitan China of Kelantan[25]
- Tan How Seng, Capitan China of Singapore[26]
- Li Kap or Li Kup or Lee Wei King, Capitan China of Dutch Malacca, founder of the Cheng Hoon Teng temple there and the person who donated Bukit China for use as a Chinese burial ground[27][28]
- Wee Sin Hee, Capitan China of Terengganu[29]
- Tin Kap or Tay Kap, Capitan China of Portuguese Malacca, said to have been the only Capitan China appointed by the Portuguese[30][31][32][33][34][35]
- Baba Seng, Capitan China of Kedah in the 1820s[36]
- Chan Ki Lock or Chan Kup, Capitan China of Dutch Malacca circa 1704[37]
- Khaw Boo Aun[38]
- Dato' Chua Tuah Soon (Chinese: 蔡大孫; pinyin: Cài Dà Sūn)
- WEE, Hee Hoon (D: 17 March 1922 at 46 yrs of age, leaving a widow and seven children), Kapitan China of Bagan Si Api Api (Indonesia)[39]
- OEY, Teng Kiang (Murdered 17 September 1924), Kapitan China of Palembang (Indonesia).[40]
- KOH, Heen (husband of Mrs Anne Tan-Koh who died at 79 yrs of age in 1966, and father of Bishop Roland Koh), Kapitan China of Sandakan (East Malaysia).[41]
- OEI, Leong Tan, Kapitan China of Bengkalis.[42]
- LEE, Lei Kam, Kapitan China of Perlis.[43]
- ONG, Boon Pang, Kapitan China of Brunei.[44]
- Tam Yong (father of towkay Tan Yee Man), Kapitan China of Seremban.[45]
- Lee Sam, Kapitan China of Seremban.[46]
- LIM, Ah Pat, Capitan China of Muntok was decorated by the Dutch Government in 1910.[47]
- KHOO Cheow Teong, (Justice of the Peace and father of Khoo Sian Ewe), Kapitan China of Asaban.[48]
- WEE, Chim Yean (Died 13 August 1926 leaving four sons and four daughters), Kapitan China of Bengkalis.[49][50]
- KO, Kim Yeo, Kap[itan China of Batavia.[51]
- WEE, Boon Teng (Born in Singapore in 1864. Educated at Lye Fatt English School. Appointed Luitenant China of Selat Panjang on the Sumatra east coast in 1890. Promoted to Capitan China in 1915 and awarded the Dutch colonial gold medal. Promoted to Majoor in 1925 prior to his retirement), Kapitan China of Selat Panjang.[52]
See also
- Kangchu system
- List of place names of Kangchu system origin
- Lanfang Republic
References
- ^ The Kapitan System and Secret Societies published in Chinese politics in Malaysia: a history of the Malaysian Chinese Association - Page 14
- ^ Southeast Asia-China interactions: reprint of articles from the Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society, Issue 25 of M.B.R.A.S. reprint, 2007, - Page 549
- ^ a b c Ooi, Keat Gin. Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, From Angkor Wat to East Timor, p. 711
- ^ Hwang, In-Won. Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Matahtir, p. 56
- ^ A social history of the Chinese in Singapore and Malaya, 1800-1911 - Page 232
- ^ A Gallery of Chinese Kapitans, CS Wong
- ^ A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore - Page 77
- ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 68 - Page 34
- ^ Triad and Tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and ... - Page 350
- ^ The Straits Settlements, 1826-67: Indian presidency to crown colony - Page 259
- ^ Wong Ah Fook: immigrant, builder, and entrepreneur - Page 85
- ^ Singapore: wealth, power and the culture of control - Page 49
- ^ The Western Malay States, 1850-1873: the effects of commercial development ... - Page 35
- ^ One hundred years' history of the Chinese in Singapore - Page 21
- ^ A social history of the Chinese in Singapore and Malaya, 1800-1911 - Page 267
- ^ Toponymics: a study of Singapore street names - Page 345
- ^ Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a survey of the Triad Society from 1800 ... - Page 206
- ^ Chinese epigraphic materials in Malaysia - Page 452
- ^ Studies in the Social History of China and South-east Asia - Page 36
- ^ Pope-Hennesy to C.O., 13 October 1869. Co. 144/20. To F.O., 1 September 1869. F.O. 12/34B. To Lord Knutsford, 25 May 1888. C.O. 133/66
- ^ The Sarawak Museum journal - Page 9, 1963
- ^ The Eastern seas: or, Voyages and adventures in the Indian Archipelago, in ... - Page 363
- ^ European commercial expansion in early modern Asia - Page 273
- ^ Opium and empire: Chinese society in Colonial Singapore, 1800-1910 - Page 195
- ^ Kelantan zaman awal: kajian arkeologi dan sejarah di Malaysia By Hassan Shuhaimi bin Nik Abd. Rahman, 1987, Pg 227
- ^ Ethnic Chinese in Singapore and Malaysia: a dialogue between tradition and modernity by Leo Suryadinata, 2002, Pg 86
- ^ The cultural melting pot By Robert Sin Nyen Tan, 1991, Page 85
- ^ Rites of belonging: memory, modernity, and identity in a Malaysian Chinese ... By Jean Elizabeth DeBernardi Page 27
- ^ Growing Up in Trengganu By Awang Goneng by Monsoon Books, 2007, Page 161
- ^ Reconstructing identities: a social history of the Babas in Singapore by Jürgen Rudolph - Page 149
- ^ The Baba of Melaka: culture and identity of a Chinese peranakan community in ... - Page 64
- ^ The Portuguese Missions in Malacca and Singapore (1511-1958): Malacca - Page 317
- ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volumes 11-12, 1933, - Page 1
- ^ Wong, 1963: 1-2, Studies in ASEAN sociology: urban society and social change - Page 232
- ^ Historical Sabah: The Chinese by Danny Tze-Ken Wong, 2005 - Page 57
- ^ Wong C.S., 1963, p. 47, Reconstructing identities: a social history of the Babas in Singapore By Jürgen Rudolph, Page 38
- ^ See historical Malacca in one day - Page 18 by Marcus Scott-Ross - History - 1973
- ^ The overseas Chinese and the 1911 revolution, with special reference to Singapore and Malaya by Yen Ching Hwang, Qinghuang Yan, 1976, Pg 182
- ^ The Straits Times 20 March 1922, Page 8
- ^ The Straits Times, 29 September 1924, Page 10
- ^ The Straits Times, 25 August 1966, Page 10
- ^ The Straits Times, 28 July 1914, Page 9
- ^ The Straits Times, 5 April 1965, Page 11
- ^ The Straits Times, 25 April 1948, Page 7
- ^ The Straits Times, 2 May 1933, Page 12
- ^ The Straits Times, 7 August 1949, Page 4
- ^ Weekly Sun, 15 October 1910, Page 4
- ^ The Straits Times, 16 August 1917, Page 6.
- ^ The Strtaits Times, 16 August 1926, Page 7
- ^ The Straits Times, 14 August 1926, Page 8
- ^ The Straits Times, 13 July 1909, Page 7
- ^ The Straits Times, 30 May 1937, Page 9
External links
Bibliography
- A. Trocki, Carl (1st 1979/2nd 2007), Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore 1784-1885, NUS Press, p. 130, ISBN 978-9971-69-376-3, http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=4VNEr574cQIC&pg=PA164&lpg=PA164&dq=padang+muar#v=onepage&q=padang%20muar&f=false
- Hwang, In-Won (2003). Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Matahtir. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981-230-185-2
- Lohanda, Mona (1996). The Kapitan Cina of Batavia, 1837-1942. Jakarta: Djambatan. ISBN 979428257X.
- Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, From Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-770-5
Categories:- Political history of Malaysia
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