Meknes

Meknes ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ/مكناس
Downtown Meknes at Dusk
Meknes Location in Morocco
Coordinates: 33°53′42″N 5°33′17″W / 33.895°N 5.55472°W / 33.895; -5.55472Coordinates: 33°53′42″N 5°33′17″W / 33.895°N 5.55472°W / 33.895; -5.55472
Country	Morocco
Region	Meknès-Tafilalet
Elevation[1]	1,801 ft (549 m)
Population (2010)
– Total	985,000
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name: Historic City of Meknes
Type:	Cultural
Criteria:	iv
Designated:	1996 (20th session)
Reference #:	793
State Party:	Morocco
Region:	Arab States

Meknes (Arabic: مكناس‎, Berber: ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ Mknas or Ameknas, French: Meknès, Spanish: Mequinez) is a city in northern Morocco, located 130 kilometres (81 mi) from the capital Rabat and 60 kilometres (37 mi) from Fes. It is served by the A2 expressway between those two cities and by the corresponding railway. Meknes was the capital of Morocco under the reign of Moulay Ismail (1672–1727), before it was relocated to Marrakech. The population is 985,000 (2010 census). It is the capital of the Meknes-Tafilalet region. Meknes is named after a Berber tribe which was known as Miknasa (native Berber name: Imeknasen) in the medieval North African sources.

History

The original community from which Meknes can be traced was an 8th century Kasbah. A Berber tribe called the Miknasa, originated from the Tunisian south, settled there in the 9th century, and a town consequently grew around the previous borough.

The Almoravids founded here a fortress in the 9th century. It resisted to the Almohads rise, and was thus destroyed by them, only to be rebuilt in larger size with mosques and large fortifications. Under the Merinids it received further madrasas, kasbahs and mosques in the early 14th century, and continued to thrive under the Wattasid dynasty. Meknes saw its golden age as the imperial capital of Moulay Ismail following his accession to the Sultanate of Morocco (1672–1727). He installed under the old city a large prison to house Christian sailors captured on the sea, and also constructed numerous edifices, gardens, monumental gates, mosques (whence the city's nickname of "City of the Hundred Minarets") and the large line of wall, having a length of 40 km.

According to the ICOMOS Heritage at Risk report of 2000, the historic city of Meknes contains insufficient drainage systems, and as a result suffers from inundation and leakage in certain areas.^[2]

Geography

Medresa Bou Inania in Meknes

Neighboring cities to the south: Azrou, connecting via the N13 road, is a cedar region with the noted "College d'Azrou" where many members of the post-independence elite derived); and Ifrane (Al Akhawayn University).

Climate

Located near the Atlas Mountains, Meknes has a seasonal climate, shifting from cool in winter to hot days in the summer months of July–September. The nights are always cool (or colder in winter), with daytime temperatures generally rising about 10–14 °C (50–57 °F) every day. The winter highs typically reach only 15.5 °C (60 °F) in December–January (see weather-table below).

Climate data for Meknes, Morocco (1961-1990)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	15.3 (59.5)	16.6 (61.9)	18.6 (65.5)	20.0 (68.0)	23.8 (74.8)	27.8 (82.0)	32.7 (90.9)	32.6 (90.7)	29.6 (85.3)	24.5 (76.1)	19.3 (66.7)	15.6 (60.1)	23.03 (73.46)
Average low °C (°F)	5.2 (41.4)	6.3 (43.3)	7.2 (45.0)	8.8 (47.8)	11.5 (52.7)	14.6 (58.3)	17.7 (63.9)	17.9 (64.2)	16.2 (61.2)	12.8 (55.0)	9.1 (48.4)	5.8 (42.4)	11.09 (51.97)
Precipitation mm (inches)	89.4 (3.52)	84.4 (3.323)	78.4 (3.087)	74.3 (2.925)	42.6 (1.677)	12.5 (0.492)	2.1 (0.083)	1.9 (0.075)	14.1 (0.555)	47.4 (1.866)	79.6 (3.134)	81.2 (3.197)	607.9 (23.933)
Source: Hong Kong Observatory[1]

View of Meknes old city.

Bab el-Khemis Gate

Dar El Makhzen royal palace.

Bab Mansour.

Quarters

Agdal Bassatine Belle Vue Berrima Bni-Mhmmed Borj Meshqoq Borj Moulay Omar Diour Salam Elkasba Ennasre Hamria Hay Salam Kamilia La-Hacienda la Medina Marjane Mansour

Mellah Place d'Armes Plaisance Riad (¤) Roua Rouamzile Sbata Sidi Baba Touargua Toulal Wjeh Arouss Wislane Zerhounia Zehoua Zitoune

Communes of Meknes

Meknès Al Ismaïlia

• Aïn Jemâa
• Aïn Karma
• Aïn Orma
• Aït Ouallal
• Al Ismaïlia
• Al Machouar Stinia
• Dar Oum Soltane
• Maknassat Azzaytoun
• Oued Rommane
• Toulal

Meknès El Menzeh

• Boufakrane
• Charqaoua
• Dkhissa
• Hamrya
• Karmet Ben Salem
• M'haya
• Majjate
• Mergassiyine
• Moulay Idriss Zerhoun
• N'zalat Bni Amar
• Oualili (Volubilis)
• Oued Jdida
• Ouislane
• Sidi Abdellah el Khayat
• Sidi Slimane Moul Al Kifane
• Ztouten

Main sights

• Dar El Makhzen palace, located in El Mechouar Stinia. It is sided by a 2 km-long corridor formed by two large walls. It was Moulay Ismaïl's official palace.
• Bab Mansour gate, named after the architect, El-Mansour. It was completed 5 years after Moulay Ismail's death, in 1732. The design of the gate plays with Almohad patterns. It has zellij mosaics of excellent quality. The marble columns were taken from the Roman ruins of Volubilis. When the structure was finished completed, Moulay Ismail inspected the gate, asking El-Mansur if he could do better. El-Mansur felt complied to answer yes, making the sultan so furious he had him executed. Still, according to historical records, the gate was finished after Moulay Ismail's death. The gate itself is now used as an arts and crafts gallery; entry is by a side gate.
• Lahboul gardens. It houses a zoological garden and an open-air theatre.
• Mausoleum of Moulay Ismail, built in 1703 by Ahmed Eddahbi
• Néjjarine Mosque (10th century), located in the old city.
• The Grand Mosque, founded in the 11th century by the Almoravids. It has 11 gates and 143 arcades.
• Koubat Al Khayatin ("Ambassador's Hall"): a pavilion in which sultan Moulay Ismaïl received foreign ambassadors.
• Bab Lakhmis: a large decorated gate from the 17th century.
• Bab Berdaïne: a majestic gate built by Moulay Ismaïl in the 17th century.
• Dar El Beida, a 19th century palace built by sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah. It is currently home to the Royal Military Academy.
• Royal stables
• Agdal reservoir, built by Moulay Ismail. It measures 319 x 149 meters, with a depth of 2 m.
• Cara subterranean prison.

The ruins of the Roman town of Volubilis (Oualili) are about half an hour to the north.

Photos of Meknes

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Industry

There are 171 industrial units in Meknes, employing 10,358 people. The chief industries are food processing, textile manufacturing, chemical and para-chemical industry, and metallic and mechanical industry.

Bab Berdieyinne mosque

The Bab Berdieyinne mosque (Arab: بردعين, French: Berdaïne), constructed in the 17th century, is located in the historical city center. On 19 February 2010, its minaret collapsed during Friday prayers, causing at least 41 fatalities and many injuries. The area had received heavy rain over the preceding days. King Mohammed VI ordered the minaret be rebuilt according to historical specifications.^[3][4]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Climatological Information for Meknes, Morocco", Hong Kong Observatory, 2003, web: HKO-Meknes.
2. ^ ICOMOS Heritage at Risk 2000
3. ^ [1]
4. ^ Morocco minaret collapse toll rises to 41, Hindustan Times, 20 February 2010