HNoMS Olav Tryggvason

The minelayer HNoMS "Olav Tryggvason" was built for the Royal Norwegian Navy by the naval shipyard at Horten in the early 1930s and had build number 119. [Horten municipal archive of local history: [http://www.lokalhistoriskarkiv.no/arkivet/historiske_sider/horten_verft/byggenummer Build numbers at Horten Yard] no icon] She was considered a well armed and balanced ship, with an engine plant consisting of both steam turbines and diesel engines. "Olav Tryggvason" was the first Norwegian warship equipped with a basic gun computer, allowing all four main guns to be fired at the same time at one target with some degree of accuracy.

She also served as a cadet training ship in the summer season, taking aboard 55 cadets and showing the flag around Western Europe on training cruises. [Johannesen 1988: 60-65]

Name

She was named after Olaf I of Norway, who was king of Norway roughly 995 to 1000.

"City of Flint" incident

At the outbreak of World War II, the "Olav Tryggvason" took part in neutrality protection duties. Her first armed action came on 3 November 1939,Sivertsen 2001: 230] when the US merchant ship "City of Flint" entered Norwegian territorial waters. The "City of Flint" had been taken as a prize by the German pocket battleship "Deutschland" in the Atlantic and was on its way to Germany with the American crew as prisoners. According to public international law, the ship could have passed through Norwegian waters without interference, but when she stopped and anchored in the port of Haugesund, the Germans broke Norwegian neutrality regulations. The "Olav Tryggvason" was dispatched and boarded the "City of Flint" with one officer and thirty armed sailors, who returned control of the ship to the American captain, Joseph H. Gainard, on 6 November. He unloaded his cargo in Bergen and set sail in ballast for the US. The German prize crew was interned at Kongsvinger Fortress. In response, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs received several strong worded and threatening notes from its German counterpart.

Battle in Horten harbour

The "Olav Tryggvason" was at Horten for minor engine repairs, [Kristiansen 2006: 25] manned only by a skeleton crew, when the Germans invaded on 9 April 1940. Along with the minesweeper HNoMS "Rauma", she defended the harbour against the German torpedo boats "Albatros" and "Kondor", and the small räumboot minesweepers "R 17" and "R 27". [German-navy.de: [http://german-navy.de/kriegsmarine/ships/minehunter/rboat/index.html R-boat (Minenräumboot)] ] [Brown, David: [http://books.google.com/books?id=pt2ci58xTRMC&pg=PA19&dq=minelayer+Olav+Tryggvason&ei=HqO6R5ibNpjWyASF18nABA&sig=9M6J7vuMbSTtvB-2JRZcr0c9dlQ Naval Operations of the Campaign in Norway, April-June 1940, p. 19] ]

The minelayer's commander, kommandørkaptein T. Briseid, had received warning of the intruding foreign naval forces and at 0215 hrs anchored his ship to a buoy in the inner harbour to cover the harbour entrance with her guns.Berg 1997: 14] At 0435 hrs two ships with no lights entered to harbour. At a range of 60 m the Reichskriegsflagge was spotted and the ships identified as German. Much of the Norwegian defensive advantage was however lost as Briseid then decided to continue following neutrality protection guidelines and first blew a steam horn, then fired a blank shot, then two live warning shots at the foreign warships before opening up on them in earnest.

During the confusing battle at close range, "R 17" was sunk by the "Olav Tryggvason's" 12 cm guns off Apeneskaia quay. Of the forty-five strong German landing unit on board "R 17", only fifteen made it ashore unwounded. Despite the best efforts of the Norwegian ships, the "R 27" managed to get to the cover of a peninsula and land her force of forty-five infantry in the harbour, having suffered several hits in the process. After landing her infantry the "R 27" ran aground, then dislodged herself and suffered more hits before making her escape from the area. At the same time as the German minesweepers made their charge into the harbour, the "Albatros" tried to engage the Norwegian ships, but suffered hits from "Olav Tryggvason" and was forced to take cover behind some nearby islands. [Berg 1997: 14-15] The cruiser "Emden" also tried to interfere from a distance out in the Oslofjord, but without result. [Abelsen 1986: 135] [Churchill, Winston: [http://books.google.com/books?id=9b9oloarcxIC&pg=PA531&dq=minelayer+Olav+Tryggvason&ei=kaK6R_W3EpbWzAS8y6iKBQ&sig=J6arPFW8kewXLKMydXUR-D9PXlY The Second World War, p. 531] ]

At 0735 hrs, after threats of aerial bombardment of the naval base and the adjacent city, as well as a misguided impression of the size of the 60-strong German landing force, the Norwegian land and naval forces surrendered. During the battle "Olav Tryggvason" fired almost sixty 12 cm shells [Kristiansen 2006: 30] , suffered at least thirty-five hits from the 20 mm guns aboard the räumboots and had two sailors wounded. [Abelsen 1986: 134-135]

German service

The "Olav Tryggvason" was taken into the Kriegsmarine and renamed "Albatros II" on 11 April, to commemorate the torpedo boat she had damaged. Five days later, on April 16, she was renamed again, as the "Brummer", after an artillery training ship torpedoed in the Kattegat 14 April 1940.

After capture the ship was rearmed with new main and secondary guns. Her original four 12 cm main guns were at first stored by the Germans before being installed in a coastal artillery battery at Hundvåg in Vestlandet in May, 1945, only days before VE day. [Fjeld 1999: 264]

Western Europe

"Brummer" spent her first year as a Kriegsmarine minelayer on the coasts of the Netherlands and Belgium as part of the naval contingent for the planned invasion of England.

After the cancellation of the invasion of the UK she was transferred to the Baltic Sea in time to participate in Operation Barbarossa, carrying out mining operations in the Gulf of Finland.

Northern Baltic

"Brummer" arrived at Utö in Finland together with the German minelayers "Tannenberg" and "Hansestadt Danzig" on 14 June, 1941, and was concealed in the Nauvo area in preparation for the outbreak of war eight days later. [Finnish Navy in World War II: [http://users.tkk.fi/~jaromaa/Navygallery/index.html Time line - before Continuation War] ]

On 22 June the minelayers, designated Mine Group "Nord", laid a minefield in the Gulf of Finland, west of Hanko.Saunalahti.fi: [http://www.saunalahti.fi/ility/Bengtskar/Opening.html The Battle for Bengtskär - Opening moves] ] The mine barrage, codenamed "Apolda",Åselius, Gunnar: [http://books.google.com/books?id=kLxfdAvEFcsC&pg=PA225&dq=German+minelayer+%22Brummer%22&sig=tP7SGZ7f9YXSGAKSAVg_TtZnDZY#PPA225,M1 The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Navy in the Baltic, 1921-1941, p. 225] ] channelled shipping in the Gulf either to the north, within reach of Finnish coastal artillery, or to the south, where German guns were in range. For most of the mining operation, which was initiated in the early hours of the day, the minelaying group worked unchallenged even though the ships were spotted by Soviet naval forces. Only at 0228 hrs did "Brummer" and an escorting Schnellboot came under unsuccessful attack from two Soviet Beriev MBR-2 flying boats. The attack on "Brummer" was the first engagement between the Baltic Fleet and German forces during World War II.

In addition to forcing Soviet shipping into vulnerable bottlenecks, "Brummer's" mines accounted for the loss of a Soviet submarine. On 1 July the Baltic Fleet "M" class submarine "M-81" struck one of the mines laid by "Brummer" [Rohwer, Jürgen and Monakov, Mikhail S.: [http://books.google.com/books?id=xxRlzgYz2eoC&pg=RA16-PA263&dq=German+minelayer+%22Brummer%22&ei=L0e6R7WrLZHCzATdw6mbBQ&sig=0EPhrZSu-BIFCppvAbCvrxii2XI Stalin's Ocean-Going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding, p. 263] ] and sank off the island of Vormsi in Estonia. [Uboat.net: [http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4956.html " M-81"] ]

Of the total of six German-controlled minelayers operating in the Northern Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland in 1941-1942 "Brummer" was the only vessel purpose-built for minelaying.

Amongst the operations that "Brummer" took part in while stationed in the Baltic was the joint German-Finnish Operation Nordwind in September 1941, a naval deception operation to divert Soviet attention from the German landings on the Estonian islands Hiiumaa and Saaremaa. "Brummer" was part of the German contingent in the operation's II Group. The operation was meant to be carried out by a diversionary naval manoeuvre during daytime on 13 September, with the force turning back towards their base at Utö by 2030 hrs. In the end the operation failed to attract Soviet interest and saw the loss of the Finnish coastal defence ship "Ilmarinen" to naval mines. [Finnish Navy in World War II: [http://users.tkk.fi/~jaromaa/Navygallery/Coastal/Nordwind.htm Operation Nordwind] ]

Norway and the North Sea

After spending close to a year in the Baltic she was again deployed in Western Europe, serving between 1942 and 1944 mainly in the North Sea and off Norway.

Back to the Baltic - Operation Hannibal

In 1944 "Brummer" resumed mining operations in the Baltic. She was used for mining until the spring of 1945 when she was employed as part of the armada that evacuated German troops and civilians from the path of the Red Army.

Destruction

The end of "Brummer" came on 3 April 1945, when she was wrecked by RAF bombers while dry docked for repairs at the Deutsche Werke shipyard in the Baltic port of Kiel.

After the war, the wreck was scrapped between 1945 and 1948.

ee also

* List of World War II ships

Footnotes

Literature

* Abelsen, Frank: "Norwegian naval ships 1939-1945", Sem & Stenersen AS, Oslo 1986 ISBN 82-7046-050-8 en icon&no icon
*, Oslo 1997 ISBN 82-993545-2-8 77 no icon
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External links

* [http://navalhistory.flixco.info/G/288608x9/8330/a0.htm Naval history via FLIX: KNM Olav Tryggvason] , retrieved 15 March 2006 en icon
* [http://hem.fyristorg.com/robertm/norge/Norw_navy_ships.html Ships of the Norwegian navy] , retrieved 15 March 2006 en icon
* [http://www.feldgrau.com/norwegian.html The Invasion of Norway (Operation Weserübung), by Mike Yaklich, Jason Pipes, and Russ Folsom] , retrieved 15 March 2006 en icon
* [http://www.navycollection.narod.ru/ships/Norway/Mine_Ships/Olav_Truggvason/history.html A russian site with phots and drawings of "Olav Tryggvason"] ru icon