Katsu Kaishū

In this Japanese name, the family name is "Katsu".

Katsu Kaishū
Katsu Kaishū
Nickname	Awa Katsū
Born	1823 Edo, Japan
Died	1899 Japan
Allegiance	Imperial Japan
Service/branch	Imperial Japanese Navy
Years of service	1855-1868 (Tokugawa); 1872-1899 (Imperial Japan)
Rank	Naval officer
Commands held	Kanrin-maru (warship) Kobe naval school Vice Minister Naval Lord (海軍卿?)
Battles/wars	Boshin War
Other work	military theorist

Katsu Kaishū (勝 海舟^?, March 12, 1823 – January 21, 1899) was a Japanese statesman, naval engineer during the Late Tokugawa shogunate and early Meiji period.^[1] Kaishū was a nickname which he took from a piece of calligraphy (Kaishū Shooku 海舟書屋) by Sakuma Shōzan. He went through a series of given names throughout his life; his childhood name was Rintarō (麟太郎^?) and his real name was Yoshikuni (義邦^?). He was often called Awa (安房^?) from his title Awano-kami (安房守^?) during the late Tokugawa shogunate and changed his name to Yasuyoshi (安芳^?) after the Meiji Restoration.

Katsu Kaishū eventually rose to occupy the position of commissioner (Gunkan-bugyo) in the Tokugawa navy. He is particularly known for his role in the surrender of Edo.

Early life

Katsu was born in Edo (present day Tokyo) to a low-ranking retainer of the Tokugawa Shogun. His father, Katsu Kokichi, the subject of the autobiography, Musui's Story, was the ill-behaved head of a minor samurai family, who was forced to abdicate the headship of his family to Rintarō/Kaishū when the latter was only 15. As a youth Katsu studied Dutch and European military science, and was eventually appointed translator by the government when European powers attempted to open contact with Japan. Katsu developed the reputation as an expert in western military technology.

Under the advisement of Dutch advisors, he served as director of training for the Nagasaki Naval Center together with Nagai Naoyuki between 1855 until 1859 when he was commissioned an officer in the shogunal navy the following year.

Military service

Katsu at San Francisco, 1860

In 1860, Katsu was assigned to command the Kanrin-maru, and (with assistance from US naval officer Lt. John M. Brooke), to escort the first Japanese delegation to San Francisco, California en route to Washington, DC for the formal ratification of the Harris Treaty. The Kanrin Maru, built by the Dutch, was Japan's first steam-powered warship, and its voyage across the Pacific Ocean was meant to signal that Japan had mastered modern sailing and shipbuilding technology. Kaishū remained in San Francisco for nearly two months, observing American society, culture and technology. Following returning to Japan, Katsu held a series of high ranking posts in the Tokugawa navy, arguing before government councils in favor of a unified Japanese naval force led by and professionally trained officers in disregard of promotion and assignment due to hereditary status. During his command as director of the Kobe Naval School, the institute would become a major source of activity for progressive thinking and reformists between 1863 and 1864.

In 1866, Katsu was appointed negotiator between the bakufu forces and the anti-shogunal domain of Chōshū, and later served as chief negotiator for the Tokugawa bakufu, ensuring a relatively peaceful and orderly transition of power in the Meiji Restoration.He opposed the First Sino-Japanese War and that Japan's turn towards imperialism.

Although sympathetic to the anti-Tokugawa cause, Katsu remained loyal to the Tokugawa bakufu during the Boshin War. After the collapse of the Tokugawa forces in late 1867, Katsu negotiated the surrender of Edo castle to Saigō Takamori and the Satchō Alliance on 11 April 1868. Katsu followed the last Shōgun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, into exile in Shizuoka.

Later years

Katsu returned briefly to government service as Vice Minister of the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1872, followed by first Minister of the Navy from 1873 until 1878. He was the most prominent of the former Tokugawa retainers who found employment with in the new Meiji government, and was sangi (参議^?) between 1869 and 1885 who did not come from one of the four paramount domains. Although his influence within the navy was minimal, as the Navy was largely dominated by a core of Satsuma officers, Katsu served in a senior advisory capacity on national policy. During the next two decades, Katsu served on the Privy Council and wrote extensively on naval issues before his death in 1899.

In 1887, he was elevated to the title of hakushaku (count) in the kazoku peerage system.

Kaishu Katsu seated in traditional clothing

Katsu recorded his memoirs in the book Hikawa Seiwa.

Notes

1. ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Katsu Kaishū" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 493 at Google Books.

References

• Jansen, Marius B. (1961). Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration. Princeton: Princeton University Press. OCLC 413111
• Katsu, Kokichi; translated by Teruko Craig. Musui's Story: The Autobiography of a Tokugawa Samurai University of Arizona Press, 1988.
• Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128

External links

• Photographs of Katsu Kaishu

Persondata
Name	Katsu, Kaishu
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1823
Place of birth	Edo, Japan
Date of death	1899
Place of death	Japan