Daniel v. Waters

Daniel v. Waters
Court	United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
Full case name	Joseph C. Daniel, Jr., et al., v. Hugh Waters, Chairman, Textbook Commission of the State of Tennessee, et al.
Date decided	April 10, 1975
Citation(s)	515 F.2d 485 (6th Cir. 1975)
Judge(s) sitting	George Clifton Edwards, Jr., Anthony J. Celebrezze, and Pierce Lively
Case opinions
Majority: Edwards Dissent: Celebrezze

Daniel v. Waters was a 1975 legal case in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit struck down Tennessee's law regarding the teaching of "equal time" of evolution and creationism in public school science classes because it violated the Establishment clause of the US Constitution.

The plaintiffs were school teachers supported by the National Association of Biology Teachers.

Background

Various state laws prohibiting the teaching of evolution had been introduced during the 1920s. These laws were challenged in 1968 in the case Epperson v. Arkansas, which established that such laws were to be held in violation of the constitutional separation of Church and State. The creationist movement reacted to the decision by turning to the promotion of the teaching of creationism in school science classes as equal to evolutionary theory.^[1]

The act

The Tennessee law stated, "Any biology textbook used for teaching in the public schools, which expresses an opinion of, or relates a theory about origins or creation of man and his world shall [give] . . . an equal amount of emphasis on . . . the Genesis account in the Bible." (Public Acts of Tennessee, 1973, Chapter 377, cited in LaFollette, 1983, p. 80)^[1]

The ruling

The Federal District Court ruling was that the Tennessee law was "a clearly defined preferential position for the Biblical version of creation as opposed to any account of the development of man based on scientific research and reasoning. For a state to seek to enforce such preference by law is to seek to accomplish the very establishment of religion which the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States squarely forbids." (US District Court, Daniel v Waters, 1975)^[1]

Effect of the ruling

The ruling did not prevent the Bible from being taught in public schools in an appropriate way. The Court stated (quoting from a prior decision): "While study of religions and of the Bible from a literary and historic viewpoint, presented objectively as part of a secular program of education, need not collide with the First Amendment's prohibition, the State may not adopt programs or practices in its public schools or colleges which "aid or oppose" any religion."^[2]

Following this ruling, creationism was stripped of all overt biblical references and was then renamed creation science. Several states then passed new legislation which required that this be given equal time with teaching of evolution. This came to court as McLean v. Arkansas (1982), which resulted in a detailed ruling that it was similarly unconstitutional to teach this in public school science classes. This was a District level ruling and, while setting a persuasive precedent, it was only a binding precedent in the relevant district. It was not until Edwards v. Aguillard (1987), a similar case in Louisiana, was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court that creation science was ruled unconstitutional at the federal level, which resulted in its removal from public school science classes nationwide. The reaction from the creationist forces would be to create the new concept of intelligent design specifically in order to circumvent this ruling.^[1]

Related cases

• Scopes Trial - 1925
• Epperson v. Arkansas - 1968
• Willoughby v. Stever - 1973
• Hendren v. Campbell - 1977
• McLean v. Arkansas - 1982
• Edwards v. Aguillard - 1987
• Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District - 2005

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Creationism/ID, A Short Legal History By Lenny Flank, Talk Reason
2. ^ Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (83 S.Ct. 1560 1573) (1963)

External links

• Daniel v. Waters
• Steele v. Waters