Prenol

Prenol
IUPAC name 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol
Other names 3,3-Dimethylallyl alcohol
Identifiers
CAS number	556-82-1 Y
PubChem	11173
ChemSpider	10700 Y
UNII	55MY0HM445 Y
EC-number	209-141-4
ChEBI	CHEBI:16019 Y
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
SMILES OC\C=C(/C)C
InChI InChI=1S/C5H10O/c1-5(2)3-4-6/h3,6H,4H2,1-2H3 Y Key: ASUAYTHWZCLXAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/C5H10O/c1-5(2)3-4-6/h3,6H,4H2,1-2H3
Properties[1]
Molecular formula	C5H10O
Molar mass	86.132 g/mol
Density	0.848 g/cm3
Melting point	−59 °C (calculated)
Boiling point	approx. 142 °C
Solubility in water	17 g/100 ml (20 ºC)
log P	0.91
Hazards[1][2]
GHS pictograms
GHS signal word	WARNING
GHS hazard statements	H226, H302
GHS precautionary statements	P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P264, P270, P301+312, P303+361+353, P330, P370+378, P403+235, P501
EU Index	not listed
Flash point	43.3 ºC (110 ºF)[note 1]
Y (verify) (what is: Y/N?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Prenol, or 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, is a natural alcohol. It is one of the most simple terpenes. It is a clear colorless oil that is reasonably soluble in water and miscible with most common organic solvents. It has a fruity odor and is used occasionally in perfumery.

Prenol occurs naturally in citrus fruits, cranberry, bilberry, currants, grapes, raspberry, blackberry, tomato, white bread, hop oil, coffee, arctic bramble, cloudberry and passion fruit.^[1] It is also manufactured industrially by BASF (in Ludwigshafen, Germany) and by Kuraray (in Asia) as an intermediate to pharmaceuticals and aroma compounds. Global production in 2001 was between 6000 and 13,000 tons.^[1]

Industrial production

Prenol is produced industrially by the reaction of formaldehyde with isobutene, followed by the isomerization of the resulting isoprenol (3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol).^[1][3]

Polyprenols

Main article: Polyprenol

Prenol is a building block of isoprenoid alcohols, which have the general formula:

H–[CH₂CCH₃=CHCH₂]_n–OH

The repeating C₅H₈ moiety in the brackets is called isoprene, and these compounds are sometimes called 'isoprenols'.^[4] They should not be confused with isoprenol, which is an isomer of prenol with a terminal double bond. The simplest isoprenoid alcohol is geraniol (n = 2): higher oligomers include farnesol (n = 3) and geranylgeraniol (n = 4).

When the isoprene unit attached to the alcohol is saturated, the compound is referred to as a dolichol. Dolichols are important as glycosyl carriers in the synthesis of polysaccharides. They also play a major role in protecting cellular membranes, stabilising cell proteins and supporting the body's immune system.

Prenol is polymerized by dehydration reactions; when there are at least five isoprene units (n in the above formula is greater than or equal to five), the polymer is called a polyprenol. Polyprenols can contain up to 100 isoprene units (n = 100) linked end to end with the hydroxyl group (–OH) remaining at the end. These log-chain isoprenoid alcohols are also called ‘terpenols’. They are important in the acylation of proteins, carotenoids, and fat-soluble vitamins A, E and K.

Polyprenols also play a vital role in cell metabolism. Research indicates that ingested polyprenols are metabolised by human and animal liver into dolichols which then take part in the dolichol phosphate cycle and are therefore easily assimilated by humans and animals. The pharmacological activity of polyprenols is based on their substitutive effect in the case of dolichol deficits which are observed with chronic inflammatory, degenerative and oncological diseases.^[5]

Live conifer needles are one of the richest and most widely available sources for polyprenol extraction in the world. Commercial extraction of polyprenols involves a soft extraction procedure that enables them to be extracted without destroying their biological activity.^[6]

Notes

1. ^ BASF gives a value for the flash point of prenol of 51.5 ºC (125 ºF), which is used in the OECD Screening Information Data Set (SIDS): the difference in the two values does not alter the safety classification of prenol as a category 3 flammable liquid (GHS) or class II combustible liquid (U.S., 29 C.F.R § 1910.106, NFPA class F2).

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol, SIDS Initial Assessment Report, Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme, May 2005, http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/556821.pdf .
2. ^ HSNO Chemical Classification Information Database, New Zealand Environmental Risk Management Agency, http://www.ermanz.govt.nz/Chemicals/ChemicalDisplay.aspx?SubstanceID=13093, retrieved 2009-08-31 .
3. ^ See, eg, Kogan, S. B.; Kaliya, M.; Froumin, N. (2006), "Liquid phase isomerization of isoprenol into prenol in hydrogen environment", Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 297 (2): 231–36, doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2005.09.010 .
4. ^ See, eg, Goodfellow, Robert D.; Huang, Yung-Sheng; Radtke, Harold E., Jr. (1972), "Isoprenol biosynthesis in the fly, Sarcophaga bullata", Insect Biochem. 2 (8): 467–75, doi:10.1016/0020-1790(72)90027-3 .
5. ^ Edlund, C.; Söderberg, M.; Kristensson, K. (1994), "Isoprenoids in aging and neurodegeneration", Neurochem. Int. 25 (1): 35–38, doi:10.1016/0197-0186(94)90050-7, PMID 7950967 .
6. ^ Company Announcement – Report on Opening of Tomsk Production Facility, Solagran Ltd., 2008-03-27, http://www.asx.com.au/asx/statistics/displayAnnouncement.do?display=pdf&idsId=00826503, retrieved 2009-08-31 .

External links

• SIDS Initial Assessment Report for 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)