Charles Reade

For the New Zealand town planner of the same name, see Charles Reade (town planner)

Charles Reade from Who-When-What Book, 1900

Charles Reade (8 June 1814 – 11 April 1884) was an English novelist and dramatist, best known for The Cloister and the Hearth.

Life

Charles Reade was born at Ipsden, Oxfordshire to John Reade and Anne Marie Scott-Waring; William Winwood Reade the influential historian , was his nephew. He studied at Magdalen College, Oxford, taking his B.A. in 1835, and became a fellow of his college. He was subsequently dean of arts^[1] and vice-president, taking his degree of D.C.L. in 1847. His name was entered at Lincoln's Inn in 1836; he was elected Vinerian Fellow in 1842, and was called to the bar in 1843.^[2] He kept his fellowship at Magdalen all his life, but after taking his degree he spent most of his time in London.

Writings

Portrait of Charles Reade writing, by Charles Mercier, circa 1870

Reade began his literary career as a dramatist, and it was his own wish that the word "dramatist" should stand first in the description of his occupations on his tombstone.^[3] As an author, he always had an eye to stage effect in scene and situation as well as in dialogue. His first comedy, The Ladies' Battle, appeared at the Olympic Theatre in May 1851. It was followed by Angela (1851), A Village Tale (1852), The Lost Husband (1852), and Gold (1853). But Reade's reputation was made by the two-act comedy, Masks and Faces, in which he collaborated with Tom Taylor. It was produced in November 1852, and later was expanded into three acts. By the advice of the actress, Laura Seymour, he turned the play into a prose story which appeared in 1853 as Peg Woffington. He followed this up in the same year with Christie Johnstone, a close study of Scottish fisher folk. In 1854 he produced, in conjunction with Tom Taylor, Two Loves and a Life, and The King's Rival, and, unaided, The Courier of Lyons (well known under its later title, The Lyons Mail) and Peregrine Pickle. In the next year appeared Art, afterwards known as Nance Oldfield.

He made his name as a novelist in 1856, when he produced It Is Never Too Late to Mend, a novel written with the purpose of reforming abuses in prison discipline and the treatment of criminals. The truth of some details was challenged, and Reade defended himself vigorously. Five more novels followed in quick succession: The Course of True Love never did run Smooth (1857), White Lies (1857), Jack of all Trades (1858), The Autobiography of a Thief (1858), and Love Me Little, Love Me Long (1859). White Lies started out as a translation of Auguste Maquet's play Le Château de Grantier, but upon the manuscript being declined by managers, it was woven into a novel serialised in The London Journal and published in three volumes the same year. It then returned to the stage as The Double Marriage in 1867.^[4]

In 1861 Reade produced what would become his most famous work, The Cloister and the Hearth. The story relates the adventures of the father of Erasmus, a subject he had dealt with two years before in a short story in Once a Week. It became recognised as one of the most successful historical novels. Returning from the 15th century to modern English life, he next produced Hard Cash (originally published as Very Hard Cash^[2])(1863), in which he drew attention to the abuses of private lunatic asylums. Three more such novels followed: Foul Play (1869), in which he exposed the iniquities of ship-knackers, and paved the way for the labours of Samuel Plimsoll; Put Yourself in His Place (1870), in which he dealt with trade unions; and A Woman-Hater (1877), in which he continued his commentary on trade unions while also tackling the topic of women doctors. The Wandering Heir (1875), of which he also wrote a version for the stage, was suggested by the Tichborne Case.

Reade also produced three elaborate studies of character: Griffith Gaunt (1866), A Terrible Temptation (1871), A Simpleton (1873). The first of these was in his own opinion his best novel. At intervals throughout his literary career he sought to gratify his dramatic ambition, hiring a theatre and engaging a company for the representation of his own plays. An example of his persistency was seen in the case of Foul Play. He wrote this in 1869 in combination with Dion Boucicault with a view to stage adaptation. The play was more or less a failure; but he produced another version alone in 1877, under the title of A Scuttled Ship, and the failure was pronounced. His greatest success as a dramatist attended his last attempt--Drink--an adaptation of Emile Zola's L'Assommoir, produced in 1879. In that year his friend Laura Seymour, who had kept house for him since 1854, died. Reade's health failed from that time. On his death, he left behind him a completed novel, A Perilous Secret, which showed he was still skilled in the arts of weaving a complicated plot and devising thrilling situations. Reade was an amateur of the violin, and among his works is an essay on Cremona violins with the title, A Lost Art Revived. Read is buried alongside Laura Seymour, who may have been his mistress, in the churchyard of St. Mary's Church, Willesden, in north-west London.

Reade sub-titled a number of his novels "A matter-of-fact romance;" this referred to his practice of basing his novels largely on newspaper cuttings, which he began collecting for this purpose in 1848.^[2] He also conducted his own research, observing prisons personally, for example, as well as borrowing at times heavily from other novelists' works.^[2]

Reade's novels were popular, and he was among England's highest-paid novelists; however, many libraries refused to carry his works on the grounds that they were indecent.^[2]

Charles Reade
By Frederick Waddy (1872)

Reputation

Reade fell out of fashion by the turn of the century—"it is unusual to meet anyone who has voluntarily read him," wrote George Orwell in an essay on Reade^[5]—but during the 19th century Reade was one of England's most popular novelists. He was not, however, highly regarded by critics. The following assessment is typical:

A strong, healthy air of honest and high purpose breathes through nearly all the stories. An utter absence of cant, affectation, and sham distinguishes them. A surprising variety of descriptive power, at once bold, broad, and realistic is one of their great merit. Mr. Reade can describe a sea-fight, a storm, the forging of a horseshoe, the ravages of an inundation, the trimming of a lady's dress, the tuning of a piano, with equal accuracy and apparent zest. . . . Indeed, Mr. Reade wants no quality which is necessary to make a powerful story-teller, while he is distinguished from all mere story-tellers by the fact that he has some great social object to serve in nearly everything he undertakes to detail. More than this I do not believe he is, nor, despite the evidences of something yet higher which were given in Christie Johnstone and The Cloister and the Hearth, do I think he ever could have been. He is a magnificent specimen of the modern special correspondent, endowed with the additional and unique gift of a faculty for throwing his report into the form of a thrilling story. But it requires something more than this, something higher than this, to make a great novelist whom the world will always remember. Mr. Reade is unsurpassed in the second class of English novelists, but he does not belong to the front rank. His success has been great in its way, but it is for an age and not for time.^[6]

Orwell sums up Reade's attraction as "the same charm as one finds in R. Austin Freeman's detective stories or Lieutenant-Commander Gould's collections of curiosities—the charm of useless knowledge," going on to say that

Reade was a man of what one might call penny-encyclopaedic learning. He possessed vast stocks of disconnected information which a lively narrative gift allowed him to cram into books which would at any rate pass as novels. If you have the sort of mind that takes a pleasure in dates, lists, catalogues, concrete details, descriptions of processes, junk-shop windows and back numbers of the Exchange and Mart, the sort of mind that likes knowing exactly how a medieval catapult worked or just what objects a prison cell of the eighteen-forties contained, then you can hardly help enjoying Reade.^[5]

During his career, the prolific Reade was involved in several literary feuds involving accusations of plagiarism. He strongly defended himself, but invoked standards on literary borrowing that are looser than those of today. Reade is frequently discussed in studies of evolving attitudes toward plagiarism.

Family

Reade had an adopted daughter who Reade cut off relations with after she eloped with an actor when she was sixteen. She worked as an actor for a number of years, including performing in an adaptation of It Is Never Too Late to Mend, and wound up destitute in a workhouse in Kent.^[7]

Works

• Masks and Faces (1852)
• Peg Woffington (1853)
• Christie Johnstone (1853)
• It Is Never Too Late to Mend (1856)
• Autobiography of a Thief (1858)
• Jack of All Trades (1858)
• Love Me Little, Love Me Long (1859)
• The Cloister and the Hearth (1861)
• Hard Cash (1863)
• Griffith Gaunt (1866)
• Foul Play (1869)
• Put Yourself in His Place (1870)
• A Terrible Temptation (1871)
• Shilly-Shally (1872). Unauthorized stage adaptation of Anthony Trollope's Ralph the Heir^[8]
• The Wandering Heir (1873)
• A Woman Hater (1877)
• A Perilous Secret (1884)

Allusions

Ira Gershwin’s lyric “It’s never too late to Mendelssohn...”, which appears in both Oh, Kay! and Lady In The Dark, is a play on the title of Reade’s book.

Notes

1. ^ Reade, p. 176
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Edwards, P.D. "Charles Reade." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
3. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica. 11th edition.
4. ^ Reade, Charles (1860). The Eight Commandment. London: Trübner & Co.. pp. 169–170. http://books.google.com/books?id=dOfPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA169. 
5. ^ ^{a b} Orwell, George. "Charles Reade." http://www.george-orwell.org/Charles_Reade/0.html
6. ^ McCarthy, Justin. "Charles Reade." 1872. http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/reade/mccarthy.html
7. ^ 'RAVENSWOOD NOTES. RAVENS WOOD', January 22. Townsville Daily Bulletin, Saturday 31 January 1914 p 12
8. ^ Super, R. H. (1988). The Chronicler of Barsetshire. University of Michigan Press. pp. 308–12. Retrieved 19 May 2010.

References

• Reade, Charles L., and Compton Reade. Charles Reade, Dramatist, Novelist, Journalist: A Memoir. London: Chapman and Hall, 1887. googlebooks Retrieved 25 July 2008
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 
•  "Reade, Charles". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. 
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainfrom the entry "Reade, Charles" in: Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London, J. M. Dent & Sons; New York, E. P. Dutton.
• Michael Diamond Victorian Sensation London: Anthem (2003) ISBN 1-84331-150-X, pp. 209–211,236–239

Further reading

• AC Swinburne, Miscellanies (1886)
• John Coleman, Charles Reade as I knew him (1903).
• Anonymous (1873). Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day. Illustrated by Frederick Waddy. London: Tinsley Brothers. pp. 54–62. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cartoon_portraits_and_biographical_sketches_of_men_of_the_day/Charles_Reade. Retrieved 6 January 2011. 

External links

• Works by Charles Reade at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Charles Reade in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Persondata
Name	Reade, Charles
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	8 June 1814
Place of birth
Date of death	11 April 1884
Place of death