Patrick Young Alexander

Patrick Young Alexander (28 March 1867 — 7 July 1943) was a British aeronautical pioneer fascinated by the prospect of heavier-than-air flight. He was an enthusiastic balloonist and he was also particularly active in meteorology. He performed many metrological and aviation experiments, designing and building his own equipment. He travelled widely, visiting Australia in his youth and later making many visits to USA — crossing the Atlantic at least 50 times — he travelled widely in Europe and visited Mexico, Russia, Siberia and Africa in pursuit of his interests.

Patrick Alexander was respected by fellow aeronautical pioneers and close friends of such eminent people as Octave Chanute, brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright, Alberto Santos-Dumont, Lawrence Hargreaves, Louis Blériot, Henry Farman, Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Charles Rolls of Rolls-Royce, Major Baden Powell to name only a few, as well as head of states and royalty in Europe. Patrick, a world traveller, arranged meetings with aeronautical people and gave lectures on the development and progress being made in aviation.

Early years

Patrick Alexander was born at Hern Villa, Belvedere, Erith, Kent, England. His mother was Harriotte Emma and his father was Andrew Alexander from Scotland. Patrick had a brother, John Edmond, three years his senior.

Patrick's father, Andrew Alexander, was a civil engineer of some standing and a mechanical engineer. He was interested and active in aeronautics and he was a founder member of the Aeronautical Society in 1866. He presented some papers to the society including "Power in Relation to Weight in Aerial Navigation". In 1875 he went to see Thomas Moy's Aerial steamer at The Crystal Palace. This woefully underpowered machine illustrated many interesting design features and on demonstration may have achieved a brief hop into the air (accounts vary). That same year, Andrew Alexander became manager of the Cyclops works of Charles Cammell and Company in Sheffield — a city famous for metalworking — there he worked on the problem of improving the quality of armour applied to warships.

Andrew Alexander was a practical-minded man, unlikely to be prone to flights of fancy, yet at a time when many ridiculed the idea of heavier-than-air flight, he told Patrick he was sure that the problems of aviation would be solved. He was clearly a major influence on Patrick's life.

In 1878, Patrick Alexander, doubtless encouraged by his father, built an elastic driven model aeroplane of the "Penaud" type. In the late summer of that same year, Patrick was taken by his father to see the Paris Exhibition of 1878. One attraction was irresistible: the enormous hydrogen balloon of Henri Giffard, it had a capacity of convert|25000|m3|cuft|sigfig=2 and was capable of taking 52 passengers at a time on a tethered ascent to convert|500|m|ft|sigfig=2. The experience left a deep impression on young Patrick.

When Patrick Alexander's father left the Cyclops works, the Alexander family moved from Sheffield to Bath and Patrick determined on a career in the Merchant Navy.

At sea

On 1 April 1885, just 3 days after his 18th birthday, Patrick Alexander signed as an apprentice Merchant Navy officer. The very next day he sailed upon the 'Minero', a barque of 478 tones bound for Fremantle in Western Australia, a distance of convert|12500|mi|km|sigfig=2 in a vessel powered only by the wind.

60 days into the journey, while aloft helping with the sails, Patrick lost his grip and fell. As he hit the deck, he broke his leg. The ship was still three weeks away from port and there was little that could be done other than to strap Patrick into a bunk for the rest of the journey, letting the leg heal without expert attention.

The 'Minero' had left England with a crew short by one member. At Fremantle, two of the crew jumped ship, possibly encouraged by rumours of gold being found in the desert; replacement crewmen were hard to come by and only one could be found. The 'Minero' set sail for Cossack and Port Walcott some convert|1000|mi|km|sigfig=2 to the North, seeking a cargo, probably of wool and pearl shell, for the return to London. Patrick was getting about with the aid of a crutch and, given the shortage of crew, he was helping as best he could. On 10 August, in rough weather on a wet and slippery deck, Alexander fell again and re-broke his injured leg. He was taken to Victoria Hospital at Geraldton. The 'Minero' returned to London without him. Patrick returned to England; despite treatment, it was clear that his injuries would leave him lame for life.

In 1886, while he was away from England, Patrick Alexander's elder brother died. The following year, Patrick's mother, Emma, died. In 1890, Patrick's father, Andrew, died at the age of 62. Now aged 23, Patrick was quite alone. Patrick's father had left him everything: almost £60,000. At the time it was enough for a gentleman to live in some comfort. Patrick was to use his inheritance to pursue his various interests.

Taking off

Patrick Alexander became increasingly interested in aviation related subjects of meteorology, parachutes, balloons, and propellers. By about 1888 he was working on wireless telegraphy. Charles Dolfus recorded that Patrick Alexander was the first to suggest that wireless could be used for the automatic direction of airships and aeroplanes and said Patrick Alexander was a "Pioneer of Space".

On 9 June 1891, Patrick Alexander made a gas balloon ascent in the company of aeronaut Griffith Brewer, this was the first of a number of balloon ascents that would lead to his becoming a licenced balloonist. Patrick ordered a three-man (some say five-man) balloon from balloon manufacturer Percival Spencer, he named his balloon "Queen of the West". Throughout the summer of 1892, Patrick and his friend Philip Braham made a number flights. They collected metrological observations and measurements, and they took photographs. Their adventures were recorded in a number of local newspapers.

Also in 1891, Patrick Alexander acquired an convert|8|in|mm|sigfig=2|adj=on aperture refractor telescope which was erected in Bath. The telescope was a substantial instrument, which together with its mounting, must have weighed several tons. The telescope was fully equipped for astronomical observations and Patrick became a fellow member of the Royal Astronomical Society up until 1921. Although he enjoyed showing his telescope to friends and distinguished visitors, any interest he had in astronomy was overshadowed by his other passions; the telescope was probably a scientific toy. Barry Bellinger [http://www.defence-estates.mod.uk/publications/heritage/annual_report_2000/stargazing.htm] suggests that the telescope was used to track pilot balloons released into the air, before releasing any main balloons; however, a telescope of this size and type seems unsuited to such a task.

In 1893, Patrick Alexander ordered a balloon of convert|100000|cuft|m3|sigfig=2 capacity from Percival Spencer. At the time, C.G. Spencer and Sons' largest advertised balloon was of convert|80000|cuft|m3|sigfig=2 and when it was made it attracted much public interest. Capable of lifting 12 passengers, it was one of the largest balloons yet made. Alexander named her "Majestic". In 1894, Patrick took his huge balloon to Germany where he conducted scientific ascents that excited interest among German scientists and lay public as well as that of Kaiser Wilhelm II.

Ever since the first balloon ascent by the Montgolfier Brothers in 1783, it had been realised that for balloons to be really useful, they had to be navigable. Patrick Alexander applied his mind to this problem of airship propulsion. In 1893 and 1894 he filed a number of patents. His ideas included reciprocating oars and an adjustable-pitch propeller that resembled a pair of fans. One patent includes a means of heating the gas in the balloon envelope by using piped steam, the steam pipe also served to support the balloon in the shape of a parachute in the event of the balloon being burst or punctured. None of Patrick’s ideas ever came to anything; but throughout his life, he never lost faith in the practicality of airships.

In Bath Patrick Alexander set up the first of a series of workshops. His most prestigious workshop was "The Mount" at Batheaston purchased in 1900 and here he had a gas supply brought into the garden and a balloon inflation valve installed. Town gas, although not as light as Hydrogen, was readily available and very much less expensive; it was, of course, highly flammable. His workshops were fully equipped and employed several people, there he designed and manufactured experimental balloons and meteorological instruments.

Patrick Alexander joined the Aero clubs of Berlin, Paris and America and, at one time, that of Austria.

In 1900 the first Zeppelin made its maiden flight — naturally Patrick Alexander was there. The Zeppelin was launched from a floating assembly hall on Lake Constance; Patrick observed from a motor boat to be as close as possible to the action. Later that year, at the invitation of the Berlin Metrological Institute, Patrick Alexander made a flight in the world's largest balloon: a non-dirigible with a monstrous capacity of convert|9000|m3|cuft|sigfig=2. The objective was to make metrological measurements and break the existing endurance records. It is indicative of the esteem in which Patrick was held that he, a non-German, was offered a place. The balloon was equipped against every eventuality and stocked with rations for 20 days. The balloon took off on 27 September, just before 6 pm. That very evening, their trailing rope became stuck in trees and gusty winds caused the crew to lose control, in the dark it was decided to release the gas and land the balloon. The ambitious expedition ended in failure just convert|20|km|mi|0 from the start.

Patrick Alexander was very interested in the development of heavier-than-air flying machines. Early in the 1890s, he travelled to Germany to meet Otto Lilienthal who was experimenting with gliders, and he continued to study ideas from a wide variety of sources. In 1896, Hiram Stevens Maxim came tantalisingly close to achieving flight when his huge steam-powered contraption briefly lifted from the rails that also restrained it. Patrick was in contact with Octave Chanute and others experimenting with flight. In the USA, sometime before 1903, Patrick visited Samuel Pierpont Langley whose successful models had attracted much attention. At Christmas 1902 he visited the Wright brothers at Kitty Hawk. These were halcyon days for experimenters in aviation, the possibility of heavier-than-air flight was, so-to-speak, in the air.

On hearing that Patrick Alexander was planning a return trip to the USA in October 1903, the Wright brothers - not known for welcoming interruptions to their work - said they would be happy to meet with him. However, Patrick missed a crucial telegram and never received their message. Patrick must have been most disappointed that he missed the opportunity to witness the first flights of the Wright Flyer on December 17, 1903.

Aldershot in Hampshire was an insignificant village until, in 1854, it was selected as the home of the British Army. It was in Aldershot that the army established the Army Balloon section. In June 1904 the American born aviation pioneer Samuel Franklin Cody came to Aldershot to test his kites. There, in collaboration with the Army, he worked on balloons, kites and aeroplanes. That same year Patrick Alexander moved to nearby Mytchett in Surrey where he was involved with the Army Balloon section. He shared a house with Cody who later went on to become the first man in England to fly an aeroplane.

1905 was a year of public generosity. Chard in Somerset was, in 1848, the location of some remarkable aviation experiments by John Stringfellow: he constructed a model aeroplane that is claimed to have achieved the first ever power flight. Some of the relics of these experiments were eventually bought for the Washington Museum. Patrick Alexander obtained and had restored at his expense, Stringfellow's earlier models and presented them to the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Also, Patrick offered his telescope - the 8" refractor - to the War Office. The offer included the cost of construction of a suitable observatory to house it. The offer was accepted and a site was chosen. In December 1906 the Aldershot Observatory was officially opened, the opening ceremony was attended by several high-ranking officials and guests from Aldershot civic council, and Patrick Alexander himself.

In January 1910, Patrick Alexander issued the conditions of a £1,000 "Alexander Award", a prize that he would offer for the development of a lightweight engine suitable for aviation. The prize was offered through the auspices of the Aerial Leauge of which Alexander was a founding member and the testing would be performed by the National Physical Laboratory. ["Motor Engineering". The Times newspaper, 12 January 1910, page 16 column D.] (The prize, which was Alexander's own money, was a considerable sum; £1,000 in 1910 is equivalent to just under £85,000 in 2007. [cite web
url= http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/inflation/calculator/index1.htm
title= Inflation Calculator
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publisher= Bank of England ] ) Tests were carried out one year later. The "Green Engine" by Aster Engineering Ltd performed particularly well ["Tests Of Aeronautical Engines". The Times newspaper, 11 January 1911, page 21 column E.] and, by unanimous agreement, won the prize. ["A Prize Aerial Engine. The Alexander Award". The Times newspaper, 15 February 1912, page 12 column G.]

First World War

With the outbreak of war, Patrick Alexander was keen to make himself useful. He was soon in America again, here he aided British propaganda by making statements in the American press. He was well known to New York journalists who reported his views at length and naturally Patrick expressed his view on the importance of aviation in the conflict. In 1917 he was given a job by the newly formed Air Ministry at the Metrological Office at Falmouth; here he worked until the end of the war.

Teaching

At the end of the First World War, Patrick Alexander was fifty years old and his inheritance was all but gone. Even his prodigious energies had been unable to keep up with the developments in aviation that had taken place during the conflict.He spent the rest of his life at the Imperial Service College, Windsor. There he taught students the basics of aeronautical principles.

Legacy

Patrick Alexander died on 7 July 1943, almost penniless — having given most of his money away. Today, he is not well known; having failed to make any singular, lasting contribution to aviation and there being just a few modest memorials to his name. His primary contribution to the history of aviation was that through his tireless efforts, many journeys, writings, public speeches, and generous donations he was responsible for collecting and disseminating ideas across nations and continents without which development in the field would have proceeded more slowly.

He was a generous man — generous with his time, his intellect and with his money. An inheritance and his business ability made him wealthy, but financial success meant little to him. He was driven by native curiosity and ambition, and yet he was always supportive of the efforts of others, often making generous financial contributions, and was not jealous of their achievements.

Patrick Alexander was buried in a small churchyard in Windsor. Ironically his headstone faces the flight path from Heathrow Airport, and features a simple inscription:

External links

* [http://www.flyingmachines.org/moy.html Thomas Moy's Aerial Steamer] .
* [http://www.defence-estates.mod.uk/publications/heritage/annual_report_2000/stargazing_3.htm The story of Patrick Alexander and the Aldershot Observatory] .
* [http://www.farnham-as.co.uk/aldershotobservatory.htm Farnham Astronomical Society: The Aldershot Observatory] .
* [http://www.thamesweb.co.uk/windsor/windsorhistory/thenandnow/WindsorCemetery.html Windsor Cemetery and Patrick Alexander's grave.]
* [http://www.thamesweb.co.uk/windsor/windsorhistory/isc.html A history of United Services College] .

References

* Ian Duff, Aldershot’s military Observatory, Hampshire, the county magazine, March 1985.
* Patrick Young Alexander, 1867-1943: Patron and Pioneer of Aeronautics, by Gordon Cullingham, Cross Manufacturing, Bath, England. ISBN 0-9509196-0-8.

Persondata
NAME = Alexander, Patrick Young
ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
SHORT DESCRIPTION = Aviation pioneer
DATE OF BIRTH = 28 March 1867
PLACE OF BIRTH =
DATE OF DEATH = 7 July 1943
PLACE OF DEATH =