Cornelio Saavedra

This article is about the Argentine military. For the Chilean military, see Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez. For the Bolivian province, see Cornelio Saavedra Province.

Cornelio Judas Tadeo de Saavedra y Rodríguez
President of the Primera Junta and the Junta Grande
In office May 25, 1810 – 1811
Succeeded by	Domingo Matheu
Personal details
Born	15/09/1759 Otuyo, Bolivia
Died	29/03/1829 Buenos Aires
Resting place	La Recoleta Cemetery
Nationality	Argentina
Political party	Patriot
Spouse(s)	Saturnina Saavedra
Children	Mariano Saavedra
Profession	Military
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, United Provinces of the Río de la Plata
Years of service	1806-1811
Commands	Regiment of Patricians
Battles/wars	British invasions of the Río de la Plata, Mutiny of Álzaga

Cornelio Judas Tadeo de Saavedra y Rodríguez (September 15, 1759 in Otuyo – March 29, 1829 in Buenos Aires) was a military officer and statesman from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. He was instrumental in the May Revolution, the first step of Argentina's independence from Spain, and was appointed president of the Primera Junta.

Saavedra was the first commanding officer of the Regiment of Patricians created after the ill-fated British invasions of the Río de la Plata. The increased militarization of the city and the relaxation of the system of castas allowed him, as other criollo peoples, to become a prominent figure in local politics. His intervention was decisive to thwarth the Mutiny of Álzaga and allow Viceroy Santiago de Liniers to stay in power. Although he supported the establishment of a government Junta, as others created in Spain during the contemporary Peninsular War, he desired that criollos had an important role in it (the mutiny of Álzaga was promoted by peninsulars). He advised against rushed actions as well, and as his Regiment was crucial in any action against the viceroy, he denied his help until it was a good strategic moment to do so. The oportunity came in May, 1810, and the May Revolution successfully ousted the viceroy.

Saavedra was appointed president of the Primera Junta, which took government after it. The local politics were soon divided between him and the secretary Mariano Moreno. Saavedra wanted gradual changes, while Moreno promoted more radical ones. Saavedra encouraged the expansion of the Junta with deputies from the other provinces; this left Moreno in a minority, and he resigned. A later rebellion made in behalf of Saavedra forced the remaining supporters of Moreno to resign as well. He left the presidency after the defeat of the first Upper Peru campaign, and headed to lead the Army of the North. His absence was exploited by political opponents, who established the First Triumvirate and issued an arrest warrant against Saavedra. Saavedra stayed in exile until 1815, when all the charges against him were dropped.

Biography

Early life

Saavedra was born at the hacienda "La Fombera", located in the town of Otuyo, near the former Imperial City of Potosi. The city was part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru by that time, but would be annexed into the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata some years later. His father was Santiago Felipe de Saavedra y Palma, a native of Buenos Aires, whose ancestry reached to Hernando Arias de Saavedra.^[1] His mother was María Teresa Rodríguez Michel, a native of the Villa Imperial de Potosi. Santiago had left Buenos Aires and married María. They were a wealthy family, with many sons, Cornelio being the last one.^[2] The family moved to Buenos Aires in 1767. There, during his adolescence, Cornelio attended the Real Colegio de San Carlos. The school was only for the elite, and to attend it was required to be allowed by the viceroy, know reading and writing, at least ten years old, be a legitimate son and have certified limpieza de sangre; Saavedra met all the requirements.^[3] He studied philosophy and Latin Grammar between 1773 and 1776. However, he could not graduate due to overwhelming duties in the management of the family ranch. Unlike other rich youths of the time, he did not attend to university.^[4]

On 1788 he married Maria Francisca Cabrera and Saavedra, his cousin. Francisca was rich, and it is likely that it was an arranged marriage.^[4] They had three sons, Diego, Mariano and Manuel. Francisca died in 1798. Saavedra begun his political career in 1797, working at the Buenos Aires Cabildo, assuming various administrative roles. By then, the city had become the capital of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata. His first political appointment was as fourth alderman, and third alderman the following year.^[5] In 1801 he was appointed Mayor of First Vote. That same year he married his second wife, Doña Saturnina Otárola del Rivero. In 1805, he was appointed to the position of Grain manager, within a local governmental body that dealt with the provision of wheat and other cereals in the city. It is considered that Saavedra supported the proposals of Manuel Belgrano at the Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires, which promoted agriculture, education and industrialization, but there is no definitive evidence of it.^[6]

The Regiment of Patricians

See also: British invasions of the Río de la Plata

Buenos Aires faced the British invasions of the Río de la Plata in 1806, when British forces led by William Carr Beresford invaded the city. Saavedra was still a civilian by then. Santiago de Liniers organized an army in Montevideo to liberate Buenos Aires, and Saavedra was among the civilians that joined Liniers, despite the lack of military instruction.^[7] Liniers successfuly liberated Buenos Aires, and organized the resistance against a likely British counter-attack. All the male population of the city aged from 16 to 50 was drafted into the army, and divided in battalions by casta or origin. The largest one was the Regiment of Patricians, made up of volunteer infantrymen born in Buenos Aires. The Regiment was composed of three infantry battalions, commanded by Esteban Romero, Domingo Urien and Manuel Belgrano, who would later pass that command to Juan José Viamonte. Each battalion could elect their own leaders, including their commander, and the Regiment of Patricians elected Saavedra.^[8]

William Carr Beresford surrenders to Santiago de Liniers during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata.

The British returned in 1807. Cornelio Saavedra moved to Montevideo but arrived too late to prevent the capture of the city. The Britih planned to use it as a lodgement for the invasion of Buenos Aires. To difficult the British operations, Saavedra ordered the withdrawal of all military hardware from nearby Colonia del Sacramento, considered indefensible at that point, and mobilized those troops and equipment to Buenos Aires to fortify the city. The renewed attack to Buenos Aires took place shortly afterwards, the invading army had 8,000 soldiers and 18 cannons—significantly more than the 1565 men, 6 cannons and 2 howitzers used for the first British invasion attempt. After an initial victory in the pens of Miserere, the invading army entered into Buenos Aires on July 5.

The British army encountered an extremely hostile population, prepared to resist to the degree that even women, children and slaves voluntarily participated in the defense. The headquarters of the Regiment of Patricians were located at the Real Colegio de San Carlos, where Saavedra and Juan José Viamonte stopped the column of Denis Pack and Henry Cadogan, composen of British infantry and a cannon. Pack united his remaining forces with Craufurd and resisted inside the Santo Domingo convent. Cadogan took the nearby house of Pedro Medrano, and fired from the rooftop. Both groups were finally defeated by the local soldiers. Finally, the British General John Whitelocke surrendered, ending the attack and pledging to withdraw all British forces from Montevideo.^[9]

The victory against the British invasions bring forth great changes in the politics of Buenos Aires. The viceroy Sobremonte was discredited by his managment of the conflict, and the Cabildo increased its influence; as such, it removed the viceroy and appointed Liniers as replacement, an umprecedented action. The local criollos, who had limited chances of social promotion in the system of castas, got such a chance with the increased influence of the militias. Cornelio Saavedra, head of the bigest crioolo militia, thus became a highly influential man in the politics of Buenos Aires.^[10]

The mutiny of Álzaga

Main article: Mutiny of Álzaga

The outbreak of the Peninsular War in Spain and the capture of the Spanish king Ferdinand VII generated a political crisis in the Spanish colonies in the Americas. The first project to maintain the monarchy was the short-lived Carlotism, which sought to crown Carlota Joaquina as regent. This project was supported by criollos like Manuel Belgrano and Juan José Castelli, but whenever Saavedra supported it is disputed.^[11] The Carlotism was abandoned soon afterwards, and the people sought other projects.

Martín de Álzaga sought to depose the viceroy Liniers. By defeating his mutiny, Saavedra increased his political power.

Francisco Javier de Elío established a government Junta in Montevideo, similar to the ones established in Spain, and his ally in Buenos Aires, Martín de Álzaga, sought to do a similar thing. The Mutiny of Álzaga took place on January 1, 1809. He accused Liniers of trying to appoint loyal members to the Cabildo, and gathered a small demonstration to request his resignation. The rebels, backed by some peninsular militias, occupied the Plaza. Liniers was about to resign, to prevent further conflicts.^[12]

Cornelio Saavedra moved the Regiment of Patricians swiftly to the Plaza, and thwarted the mutiny. There was no violence in the operation, as the criollos forced the rebels to give up just by the sheer force of numbers. Thus, Liniers stayed in office as viceroy. All the heads of the mutiny were sentenced to prison at Carmen de Patagones, and the militas that took part in it were dissolved. The only peninsular militias remaining were those of Andaluces and Montañeses, who did not join the mutiny; criollos obtained the military command, and the political power of Saavedra increased even more.^[13]

A few months later the Junta of Seville appointed a new Viceroy, Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros. Some patriots proposed a self-coup to keep Liniers in power and resist the new viceroy, but Saavedra and Liniers himself did not accept it and the transition was performed without problems. Although Saavedra supported the plans of the criollos to seize power, he warned about taking rushed measures, considering that the ideal time to do so would be when the Napoleonic forces achieved a descisive advantage in the Spanish conflict. Until then, he forced the other revolutionaries to stay quiet by denying the help of his regiment. His usual quote was "Peasants and gentlemen, it is not yet time -- let the figs ripen, and then we'll eat them".^[14] Although he was sometimes suspected of sympathy for Cisneros for his reluctance to take action against him, he mantained his strategy.^[15] Saavedra's political moderation may had been influenced by his previous career in the Cabildo.^[16]

The May Revolution

The open cabildo, by Juan Manuel Blanes, during Saavedra's speech.

Main article: May Revolution

The chance expected by Saavedra came in May 1810, when two British ships came with news of the peninsular war. The previous January Seville was invaded, the Junta of Seville ceased working, and some members took refuge at Cadiz and Leon, the last undefeated Spanish provinces. The complete Spanish defeat seemed imminent. The viceroy tried to conceal the information by seizing all newspapers, but some of them were leaked into the possession of the revolutionaries. Colonel Viamonte called Saavedra and informed him of the news, requesting once again his military support.^[17] Saavedra agreed that it was a good context to proceed, and gave his famous answer: "Gentlemen: now I say it is not only time, but we must not waste a single hour."^[18]

Cisneros called Saavedra and Martín Rodríguez, and requested their military support in the case of a popular rebellion. They refused to give such support, and Saavedra argued that Cisneros should resign because the Junta of Seville that had appointed him did not exist anymore.^[19] As a result, Cisneros gave in to the request of Juan José Castelli: to celebrate an open cabildo, an extraordinary meeting of the noteworthy peoples of the city, and discuss the situation. The next day an armed mob, led by Antonio Beruti and Domingo French, occupied the Plaza to demand the making of the open cabildo, doubting that Cisneros would actually allow it. Saavedra addressed the crowd and assured them that the Regiment of Patricians supported their claims.

The open cabildo was held on May 22. The people discussed if Cisneros should stay in power and, in the case he was removed from office, which type of government should be established. Saavedra stayed silent for the most part, awaiting his turn to speak. The most important speakers were Bishop Benito Lue y Riega, Juan José Castelli, Ruiz Huidobro, Manuel Genaro Villota, Juan José Paso and Juan Nepomuceno de Sola, among others. Saavedra was the last one to speak, and suggested that the political control should be delegated to the Cabildo until the formation of a governing Junta, in the manner and form that the Cabildo deemed appropriate. In his speech, he pointed out the phrase: "(...) "And there be no doubt that it is the people that confers the authority or command."^[20] This statement was in line with the Retroversion of the sovereignty to the people, a political concept formulated by Castelli, stating that in the abcense of the rightful governor the sovereignty returned to the peoples, who had then the power to give it to someone else. Castelli aligned his position with Saavedra's, becoming the common position which was eventually passed with 87 votes.^[21]

However, the Cabildo appointed a Junta headed by Cisneros, who would stay in power, even if under a new office. Saavedra was appointed to this Junta, as well as Castelli and two peninsulars. They made the oath of office, but the Junta was received with strong popular unrest, as it was perceived as going contrary to the result of the open cabildo. By the night, Saavedra and Castelli resigned, convincing Cisneros to do the same.

The Cabildo rejected Cisneros' resignation, and ordered the military to control the crowd and enforce the resolution of the previous day. The commanders pointed that if they did so, their soldiers would mutiny. As the demonstration overran some sections of the cabildo, Cisneros' resignation was finally accepted. The members of the new Junta were the result of a document with hundreds of signatures, drafted among the people in the plaza. Cornelio Saavedra was the president of this Junta. He rejected this at first, fearing that he may be suspected of promoting the revolution for personal interest, but finally accepted at Cisneros' request. As the Junta was established on May 25, the other cities were invited to send deputies to a constituent assembly to discuss the type of government; on May 27, they were invited to send deputies to join the Junta. Both invitations were contradictory, but the consequences would take place some months later.^[22]

The presidency of the Junta was the result of the high influence of the militias in general and Saavedra in particular in the local politics. From that time on, he spent most of his time at the fort of Buenos Aires, managing the government with Moreno, Belgrano and Castelli. It is likely that he left his business for this.^[23]

The Primera Junta

Lithography of the members of the Primera Junta, with Saavedra in the middle.

Main article: Primera Junta

Cornelio Saavedra was aware that the Junta would be resisted by factions still loyal to the old authorities. It was resisted locally by the Cabildo and the Royal Audiencia; the nearby plazas of Montevideo and Paraguay did not recognize it; and Santiago de Liniers organized a counter-revolution at Córdoba.^[24] During this early period, the Junta worked united against the royalist threats. Mariano Moreno, the secretary of war, drafted the decrees and regulations to deal with royalists. First, a decree ordered punishment for anyone attempting to generate disputes, and for those concealing conspiracies against the Junta or other people.^[25] The Royal Audiencia swore loyalty to the Regency Council, in defiance to the Junta, so they were summoned, along with former viceroy Cisneros, and exiled to Spain with the pretext that there was a threat to their lives. The Junta appointed new members for the Audiencia loyal to the revolution.^[26] Moreno organized as well the Paraguay campaign and the First Upper Peru campaign, to the plazas that resisted the Junta. The second one, headed by Francisco Ortiz de Ocampo, would move to Córdoba and attack the counter-revolution; before marching to Upper Peru. Ocampo's initial orders were to capture the counter-revolutionary leaders and send them to Buenos Aires, so that they could be judged.^[27] When the counter-revolution became stronger Moreno called the Junta and proposed that the enemy leaders should be shot as soon as they were captured instead of brought to trial. The new orders were carried out by Juan José Castelli.^[28] Cornelio Saavedra supported all these measures.

However, as time passed, Saavedra and Moreno distanced from each other. There was some initial distrust in the Junta towards Saavedra, but it was just the result of his desire for honours and privileges rather than an actual power struggle.^[29] When the initial difficulties were solved, Saavedra promoted an indulgent policy, while Moreno insisted on taking radical measures. For instance, the Junta discovered on October 16 that some members of the Cabildo secretly swore loyalty to the Regency Council. Moreno proposed executing them as a deterrent, and Saavedra replied that the government should promote leniency, and rejected the use of the Regiment of Patricians to carry out such executions. Saavedra prevailed, and the plotting members of the Cabildo were exiled instead of executed.^[30] Overall, Moreno was supported by "The Star" regiment, the other members of the Junta, and the activists of the May Revolution.; Saavedra was supported by the merchants, the loyals to the old regime that saw him as a lesser evil, and the Regiment of Patricians, which was the largest one.^[31]

Mariano Moreno, secretary of war of the Primera Junta.

To counter the power of Saavedra, Moreno sought to modify the military balance of power by reforming the promotion rules. Up until that point, the sons of officials were automatically granted the status of cadet and were promoted just by seniority; Moreno arranged that promotions were earned by military merits instead. However, in the short run this measure worked against him, as it antagonised members of the military who got promoted precisely because of such rules.^[32]

Saavedra thouht that the victory at the battle of Suipacha strengthened his perspective, as the Junta would have defeated its enemies.^[33] He considered that Moreno's animosity was rooted in the aforementioned mutiny of Álzaga, as Moreno took part in it.^[34] The victory was celebrated at the barracks of the Patricians, where the officer Anastasio Duarte, who was drunk, made a toast to Saavedra, as if he was the king of the Americas. Moreno drafted the Honours Suppression decree when he knew about it, which supressed the ceremonies and priviledges of the president of the junta inherited from the former office of viceroy. However, Saavedra signed it without complain.^[35] The Regiment of Patricians resented Moreno because of this,^[36] but Saavedra considered that it was a disproportionated responde to a trivial issue.

The arrival of the deputies called months ago generated disputes about the role they should have. Mariano Moreno supported the May 25 invitation, and wrote at the Gazeta de Buenos Ayres newspaper that the deputies should create a constituent assembly. Most of them, however, were aligned with the more moderated style of Saavedra. Lead by Gregorio Funes from Córdoba, they requested to join the Junta, as told in the second invitation.^[37] Saavedra and Funes thought that, with this change, Moreno would be left in a minority group, unable to advance his more radical measures.^[38]

The deputies and the Junta met on December 18, to decide what to do. Funes, who was close to Saavedra, argued that Buenos Aires had no right to appoint national authorities by itself and expect obedience from the provinces. The nine deputies voted for their incorporation, as did Larrea, Azcuénaga, Matheu and Alberti, founding members of the Junta. Saavedra declared that the incorporation was not fully legal, but that he supported it for public convenience. Only Juan José Paso voted with Moreno against the incorporation of the deputies. Left in a minority within the Junta, Moreno resigned. He was appointed to a diplomatic mission in Europe, but died in high seas, in unclear circumstances.^[39] Some historians consider that Saavedra plotted to murder Moreno, others that it was a negligence of the captain, and others that it was because of Moreno's frail health.

The Junta Grande

Main article: Junta Grande

With the new members, the Junta was renamed as Junta Grande. Cornelio Saavedra, who continued being president, had a clear control of it, toguether with Gregorio Funes. Although Moreno was no longer part of the Junta, his former supporters still plotted against Saavedra, meeting at the "Café de Marcos". They accused Funes and Saavedra of being carlotists^[40] The regiment of Domingo French attempted to mutiny, but they were discovered and defeated. It is unknown if Moreno was involved in this attempted mutiny or not.^[41]

The dispute was finally settled by the Revolution of the shoreline dwellers. The mayors Tomás Grigera and Joaquín Campana, supporters of Saavedra, led the "shoreline dwellers" (Spanish: orilleros, poor people living in the outskirts of Buenos Aires) to the Plaza, along with the Regiment of Patricians, and demanded the resignation of the morenists Hipólito Vieytes, Azcuénaga, Larrea and Rodríguez Peña, appointing the Saavedrists Juan Alagón, Atanasio Gutiérrez, Feliciano Chiclana and Campana as their replacements. It was requested as well that the government should not change its political style without voting it first. However, although the revolution was done in support of Saavedra, Saavedra denied having any involvement in it, and condemned it in his autobiography.^[42]

Saavedra began to lose political power from this point. The decree of Mariano Moreno that changed the military promotions, which was never derogated, began to bear fruit, even if Moreno was not in the Junta anymore. The army became more professional, less based on militias. Many of the new military authorities opposed Saavedra. The political crisis increased with the unfavourable military outcomes of the war: Belgrano was defeated at the Paraguay campaign, Castelli at the Upper Peru campaign, and the capture of Montevideo became increasingly difficult with the intervention of Portuguese troops supporting it. The many members of the Junta made the internal work difficult, as all measures were discussed by all members, hindering the swift reactions needed by the war. Saavedra left Buenos Aires at this point, and headed to the Upper Peru, to take command of the Army of the North. He thought that he could be of greater help as a military leader than facing the political struggles of Buenos Aires.^[43]

Fall and persecution

Saavedra was warned by fellow members of the Junta, military leaders and even the Cabildo that if he left Buenos Aires the government would be prone to fall into a political crisis. He left anyway, convinced that he would be able to reorganize the Army of the North. The warnings were justified: shortly after his departure, the Junta was turned into a legislative power, while the executive would be managed by the First Triumvirate. This arrangement lasted for a short time, then the Junta was abolished.^[44] The Regiment of Patricians made a mutiny against the triumvirate, but failed.

Saavedra received the news eight days after arriving to Salta. He was informed that he was deposed as president of the Junta, and that he should hand the command of the Army of the North to Juan Martín de Pueyrredón. Trying to avoid returning to Buenos Aires, he requested to be relocated at Tucumán or Mendoza. He was allowed to stay at the later city, rejoining his wife and children. The press of Buenos Aires was very harsh about him, so the Triumvirate asked the governor to capture Saavedra and send him to Luján, near Buenos Aires. The order, however, was never carried out because the triumvirate was deposed by the Revolution of October 8, 1812, and replaced by the Second Triumvirate.^[45]

The appointment of the supreme director Gervasio Antonio de Posadas fostered further hostilities towards Saavedra. Posadas was among the people banished in 1811, and made him a trial of residence as a revenge. Saavedra, defended by Juan de la Rosa Alba, was accused of organizing the 1811 revolution, along with Campana. The sentence ruled that Saavedra should be exiled, but he avoided it: he crossed the Andes with his son and sought political asylum at Chile. Juan José Paso requested the extradition of Saavedra, but the Chilean supreme director Francisco de la Lastra denied it. Saavedra did not stay in Chile for long: a huge royalist attack to Chile (which would end in the Disaster of Rancagua and the royalist reconquest of Chile) made him cross the Andes again and seek refuge at Mendoza, along with Chilean expatriates. José de San Martín, ruling Mendoza at the time, allowed him to settle in San Juan.^[46]

Saavedra settled in San Juan in 1814. He had a new son, Pedro Cornelio, and mantained a simple life growing grapes. He awaited the final desition of Posadas, but the supreme director had a political crisis at the time. The Spanish king Ferdinand VII had returned to the throne and demanded the colonies to return to their former organization, the royalists at the Upper Peru were still a threat, and José Gervasio Artigas opposed Buenos Aires as well, because of its high centralism. As a result, Carlos María de Alvear became the new supreme director, who would decide the final fate of Cornelio Saavedra.^[47]

Last years

Tomb of Cornelio Saavedra at the La Recoleta Cemetery.

Alvear ordered Saavedra to move immediately to Buenos Aires, to close the case. He arrived to the city in time, and Alvear was sympathetic to his situation. However, Alvear was forced to resign a few days later, before being able to rule the case. The Buenos Aires Cabildo, the interim government, restored Saavedra's military rank and honours, but the rule was abolished by Ignacio Álvarez Thomas, the following supreme director. He moved then to the countryside, to live with his brother Luis. He kept requesting to the government the restoration of his rank.^[48]

Finally, the supreme director Juan Martín de Pueyrredón appointed a commision to discuss the case of Saavedra. By this time, the Congress of Tucumán had Argentine Declaration of Independence a pair of years ago. The commision restored Saavedra with the military rank of brigadier, and ordered the payment of all the wages he did not receive during the time he was demoted. A second commision ratified the ruling. The payment was not enough to compensate Saavedra's looses, but he considered it a token of his restored prestige. He was appointed then to help with the protection of the frontier with the natives at Luján.^[49]

Angered with the passivity of Buenos Aires during the Luso-Brazilian invasion of the Banda Oriental, Francisco Ramírez from Entre Ríos and Estanislao López from Santa Fe joined forces against the city. Saavedra fled to Montevideo, fearing that Buenos Aires would be obliterated if defeated. Ramírez and López won the battle of Cepeda, but the city was not destroyed, so Saavedra returned. He retired in 1822, and lived with his family in the countryside. During this time he wrote his memoirs, Memoria autógrafa. He died on March 29, 1829.^[50]

Legacy

Bust of Cornelio Saavedra at the Casa Rosada.

As president of the first government body created after the May Revolution, Saavedra is considered the first ruler of Argentina. However, as the Spanish juntas were not a presidential system, Saavedra was not the first President of Argentina; that office would be created a decade afterwards. The Casa Rosada, official residence of the President of Argentina, holds a bust of Saavedra at the Hall of busts.

The Regiment of Patricians is still an active unit of the Argentine Army, currently as an air assault infantry. It is also the custodian of the Buenos Aires Cabildo, the welcoming party for visiting foreign dignitaries to Argentina and the escort and honor guard battalion for the City Government of Buenos Aires. By September 22, 2010, the Regiment's headquarters building has been declared as a National Historical Monument by the Argentine government, on the occasion of the country's bicentennial year.

Bibliography

• Galasso, Norberto (2004). Mariano Moreno – El sabiecito del sur. Buenos Aires: Colihue. ISBN 950-581-799-1. 
• Luna, Félix (1999). Grandes protagonistas de la historia argentina: Cornelio Saavedra. Buenos Aires: Editorial Planeta Argentina. ISBN 950-49-0725-3. 
• Saavedra, Cornelio (2009). Memoria autógrafa. Buenos Aires: Editorial del Nuevo Extremo. ISBN 978-987-609-171-8. 
• Abad de Santillán, Diego (1965) (in Spanish). Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires: TEA (Tipográfica Editora Argentina). 

References

1. ^ Luna, p. 28
2. ^ Luna, p. 29
3. ^ Luna, p. 42
4. ^ ^{a b} Luna, p. 51
5. ^ Luna, p. 53
6. ^ Luna, pp. 61-63
7. ^ Luna, p. 71
8. ^ Luna, p. 72
9. ^ Luna, pp. 76-77
10. ^ Luna, p. 78
11. ^ Luna, p. 11
12. ^ Luna, pp. 81-82
13. ^ Luna, p. 82
14. ^ Saavedra, p.59. Spanish: No es tiempo, dejen ustedes que las brevas maduren y entonces las comeremos.
15. ^ Luna, p. 84
16. ^ Luna, p. 85
17. ^ Luna, pp. 87-89
18. ^ Saavedra, p. 60
19. ^ Luna, pp. 89-91
20. ^ Santillán, p. 408
21. ^ Santillán, p. 409
22. ^ Luna, p. 115
23. ^ Luna, p. 94
24. ^ Galasso, p. 8
25. ^ Galasso, p. 10
26. ^ Galasso, p. 11
27. ^ Galasso, p. 18
28. ^ Galasso, pp. 20-21
29. ^ Galasso, pp. 12-13
30. ^ Galasso, pp. 68-69
31. ^ Galasso, p. 69
32. ^ Galasso, p. 70
33. ^ Galasso, p. 83
34. ^ Galasso, p. 85
35. ^ Luna, pp. 113-114
36. ^ Galasso, p. 90
37. ^ Luna, pp. 115-117
38. ^ Galasso, pp. 108-109
39. ^ Luna, pp. 118-120
40. ^ Luna, p. 120
41. ^ Galasso, pp. 119-121
42. ^ Luna, pp. 120-123
43. ^ Luna, pp. 123-125
44. ^ Saavedra, pp. 128-129
45. ^ Luna, pp. 129-133
46. ^ Luna, pp. 134-139
47. ^ Luna, pp. 139-140
48. ^ Luna, pp. 140-142
49. ^ Luna, pp. 142-143
50. ^ Luna, pp. 144-145

External links

	Spanish American wars of independence portal
	Argentina portal

• La Gazeta Federal (Spanish)

Persondata
Name	Saavedra, Cornelio
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1761
Place of birth	Otuyo, Bolivia
Date of death	March 29, 1829
Place of death	Buenos Aires