Oryzopsis hymenoides

Indian Ricegrass
Indian ricegrass growing in cryptobiotic crust at White Sands National Monument
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
(unranked):	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Genus:	Oryzopsis
Species:	O. hymenoides
Binomial name
Oryzopsis hymenoides Ricker ex Piper[1]
Synonyms
Stipa hymenoides Roem. & Schult.[2](basionym)[3] Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt.[2][4] Oryzopsis cuspidata (Nutt.) Benth. ex Vasey[5] Achnatherum hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Barkworth[2][6]

Oryzopsis hymenoides (Indian ricegrass) is a perennial cool-season bunchgrass. It is native to western North America east of the Cascades from British Columbia and Alberta south to southern California, northeastern Mexico, and Texas. In the wild it typically grows 4 to 24 inches (10 to 61 cm) tall and 8 to 12 inches (20 to 30 cm) wide.^[7]

It grows in a variety of habitats from desert shrub up to ponderosa pine forests. It can live in soils from sand to clay, but it does particularly well in sand, where it is the dominant grass growing with sagebrush and may occur almost unmixed with other plants.^[7]

Cultivation

Flowering bunch of Indian ricegrass

Indian ricegrass is an important food for livestock and for wild grazers such as bison, desert bighorn sheep, elk, mule deer, pronghorns, and jackrabbits. For some of these species it is especially vital in late winter, as it produces green shoots earlier than other grasses. The seeds are heavily consumed by many rodents and birds, notably mourning doves.^[7]

This tough grass is known for its ability to reseed and establish itself on sites damaged by fire or overgrazing. Much germination occurs in years with wet Aprils. It is grown in xeriscapes—cultivars are available—and will become quite large if given sufficient space. The open, spangled appearance when in flower or fruit is very attractive, especially in backlight. The flower stalk is commonly used in dry flower arrangements.^[7]

Uses

In the past, the grass was a staple food of Native Americans, especially when the maize crop failed. Seed of the ricegrass was gathered and ground into meal or flour and made into bread. Since 2000, the ricegrass has been cultivated in Montana and marketed under the trade name Montina as a gluten-free grain.^[8]

Symbol

'Oryzopsis hymenoides, Indian Ricegrass, was officially recognized as the Nevada state grass in 1977^[9][10] and as the Utah state grass in 1990.^[11][12]

The Utah Section of the Society for Range Management began campaigning for a state grass in the mid-1980s, and after studying many species the field was narrowed to four candidates, Indian ricegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, galleta grass, and Great Basin wildrye. Indian ricegrass was then selected. The state-grass bill was introduced by Senator Alarik Myrin, a member of the Society, in 1989.

Notes

1. ^ Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. xi. 109 (1906) "Plant Name Details for Oryzopsis hymenoides". IPNI. http://www.ipni.org:80/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=410168-1. Retrieved December 2, 2009. "Notes = Stipa hymenoides" 
2. ^ ^{a b c} "PLANTS Profile for Achnatherum hymenoides". USDA, NRCS. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ACHY. Retrieved December 2, 2009. 
3. ^ Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 339. 1817 [Nov 1817] "Plant Name Details for Stipa hymenoides". IPNI. http://www.ipni.org:80/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=FE134DB053B81E78466B3E5A6957E783?id=423402-1. Retrieved December 2, 2009. "basionym of Poaceae Achnatherum hymenoides" 
4. ^ Gen. N. Amer. Pl. [Nuttall]. 1: 40. 1818 [14 Jul 1818] "Plant Name Details for Eriocoma cuspidata". IPNI. http://www.ipni.org:80/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=402092-1. Retrieved December 2, 2009. "Notes: = Oryzopsis cuspidata" 
5. ^ Dept. Agric. Special Rep. 63: 23. 1883 "Plant Name Details for Oryzopsis cuspidata". IPNI. http://www.ipni.org:80/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=1082200-2. Retrieved December 2, 2009. "nomenclatural synonym: Poaceae Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt." 
6. ^ Phytologia 74(1): 7 (1993) "Plant Name Details for Achnatherum hymenoides". IPNI. http://www.ipni.org:80/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=7B3A9FEB56C173FEC98CC1BF3CED921F?id=969771-1. Retrieved December 2, 2009. "Basionym: Stipa hymenoides" 
7. ^ ^{a b c d} Tirmenstein, D. 1999. Achnatherum hymenoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Retrieved on 2009-04-24.
8. ^ "The Montina Story". Amazing Grains. http://www.amazingrains.com/sess/utn;jsessionid=154bb242d23bd98/shopdata/story.shopscript. Retrieved March 30, 2010. 
9. ^ Nevada Revised Statutes, Chapter 235 Section 055. Retrieved on 2008-03-27
10. ^ Nevada Facts - State grass. Retrieved on 2008-03-27.
11. ^ Utah Code Section 63-13-5.5. State symbols. Retrieved on 2008-03-27.
12. ^ Utah State Symbols - Indian Ricegrass Pioneer - Utah's Online Library. Retrieved on 2010-06-29