Non-overlapping magisteria

Non-overlapping magisteria (NOMA) is the view advocated by Stephen Jay Gould that "science and religion do not glower at each other... [but] interdigitate in patterns of complex fingering, and at every fractal scale of self-similarity."^[1] He suggests, with examples, that "NOMA enjoys strong and fully explicit support, even from the primary cultural stereotypes of hard-line traditionalism" and that it is "a sound position of general consensus, established by long struggle among people of goodwill in both magisteria".^[1] NOMA has increased acceptance of controversial ideas including evolution among some believers but there is never agreement where the boundaries between the two magisteria should be. ^[2]

Gould's separate magisteria

In an 1997 essay "Non-Overlapping Magisteria" for Natural History magazine, and later in his book Rocks of Ages (1999), Gould put forward what he described as "a blessedly simple and entirely conventional resolution to... the supposed conflict between science and religion."^[1] He draws the term magisterium from Pope Pius XII's encyclical, Humani Generis (1950), and defines it as "a domain where one form of teaching holds the appropriate tools for meaningful discourse and resolution"^[1], and describes the NOMA principle as "the magisterium of science covers the empirical realm: what the Universe is made of (fact) and why does it work in this way (theory). The magisterium of religion extends over questions of ultimate meaning and moral value. These two magisteria do not overlap, nor do they encompass all inquiry (consider, for example, the magisterium of art and the meaning of beauty)."^[1]

In a speech before the American Institute of Biological Sciences, Gould stressed the diplomatic reasons for adopting NOMA as well, stating "the reason why we support that position is that it happens to be right, logically. But we should also be aware that it is very practical as well if we want to prevail." Gould argued that if indeed the polling data was correct—and that 80 to 90% of Americans believe in a supreme being, and such a belief is misunderstood to be at odds with evolution—then "we have to keep stressing that religion is a different matter, and science is not in any sense opposed to it," otherwise "we're not going to get very far."^[3] However, he did not consider this diplomatic aspect to be paramount, writing in 1997: "NOMA represents a principled position on moral and intellectual grounds, not a mere diplomatic stance."

In 1997 he had elaborated on this position by describing his role as a scientist with respect to NOMA:

Religion is too important to too many people for any dismissal or denigration of the comfort still sought by many folks from theology. I may, for example, privately suspect that papal insistence on divine infusion of the soul represents a sop to our fears, a device for maintaining a belief in human superiority within an evolutionary world offering no privileged position to any creature. But I also know that souls represent a subject outside the magisterium of science. My world cannot prove or disprove such a notion, and the concept of souls cannot threaten or impact my domain. Moreover, while I cannot personally accept the Catholic view of souls, I surely honor the metaphorical value of such a concept both for grounding moral discussion and for expressing what we most value about human potentiality: our decency, care, and all the ethical and intellectual struggles that the evolution of consciousness imposed upon us.

National Academy of Sciences

Also in 1999, the National Academy of Sciences adopted a similar stance. Its publication Science and Creationism stated that "Scientists, like many others, are touched with awe at the order and complexity of nature. Indeed, many scientists are deeply religious. But science and religion occupy two separate realms of human experience. Demanding that they be combined detracts from the glory of each."^[4]

Humani Generis

Gould wrote that he was inspired to consider non-overlapping magisteria after being driven to examine the 1950 encyclical Humani Generis, in which Pope Pius XII famously permits Catholics to entertain the hypothesis of evolution for the human body so long as they accept the divine infusion of the soul. ^[5] Gould cited the following paragraph:

The Teaching Authority of the Church does not forbid that, in conformity with the present state of human sciences and sacred theology, research and discussions, on the part of men experienced in both fields, take place with regard to the doctrine of evolution, in as far as it inquires into the origin of the human body as coming from pre-existent and living matter—for the Catholic faith obliges us to hold that souls are immediately created by God. ^[6]

Criticism

Richard Dawkins has criticized Gould's position on the grounds that religion does not, and cannot, steer clear of the material scientific matters that Gould considers outside religion's scope. He writes, "it is completely unrealistic to claim, as Gould and many others do, that religion keeps itself away from science's turf, restricting itself to morals and values. A universe with a supernatural presence would be a fundamentally and qualitatively different kind of universe from one without. The difference is, inescapably, a scientific difference. Religions make existence claims, and this means scientific claims."^[7] Gould's observation that "These two magisteria do not overlap..." does not consider the claims of many religions upon material reality (e.g. miracles).

Dawkins also argues that a religion in which there were no interventions in the physical world by supernatural beings (hence subject to scientific investigation) would be a far different one from any existent ones, and certainly different from all the Abrahamic religions. Moreover, he claims that religions would be only too happy to accept any scientific claims that supported their views. For example, if DNA evidence proved that Jesus had no earthly father, Dawkins claims that the argument of non-overlapping magisteria would be quickly dropped.^[8]

Dawkins makes a more fundamental criticism of NOMA by stating that not all grammatically correct questions are legitimate (for example, "What does the color red smell like?"), and thus the Why? questions of religion do not necessarily deserve an answer.^[9]

Russell Blackford believes religion and science have in the past come into conflict as scientific research demonstrated that faith based positions are untenable. Moral systems based on ancient religious texts tend to ossify the morality of the times when they were written. Religion has too frequently made us feel guilty about enjoying harmless pleasures and reduced happiness.

Historically, religions have been encyclopedic systems of belief, offering explanations of a vast range of phenomena ... as well as providing guidance for their adherents' actions. As encyclopedic systems, they inevitably come into conflict with science as the latter provides more and more facts about how the world actually works. Religion can avoid direct conflicts only by retreating into highly abstract and more-or-less unfalsifiable positions. Some modern-day versions of religion may well have retreated so far from falsifiability that they are no longer in direct conflict with science, but that's a fascinating historical development, not an indication that religion and science exercise inherently different and non-overlapping magisteria. ^[10]

Susan Jacoby claims the concept that science and religion should not conflict is unreasonable.

One might as well say that conflict arises between men and women only when they stray onto each other’s territories and stir up trouble. Science produces discoveries that challenge long-held beliefs (not only religious ones) based on revelation rather than evidence, and the religious must decide whether to battle or accommodate secular knowledge if it contradicts their teachings. ^[11]

Jacoby maintains that scientists as well as the religious sometimes carefully practise the fictional concept NOMA without examination, to avoid clashes. The Stem cell controversy Jacoby maintains, is just one example where religious people and scientists working in the field have different views about whether a six-day-old embryo is or is not a human being. Investigators working with embryonic stem cells to find cures for diseases feel this is morally worthwhile but religious people make different moral judgements. Conflicts between science and religion over morality have happened since the start of science, for example Timothy Dwight and other traditional Christians opposed smallpox vaccination believing God wanted people to remain susceptible to that deadly disease, see Vaccination and religion.

Jacoby cites Sam Harris who says that science can frequently demonstrate whether particular beliefs increase or decrease suffering and Harris derives moral values from this. For example research has revealed that cultures where women are forbidden education or free sexual determination have the worst health and highest poverty rates, therefore Harris maintains subjugation of woman cannot be morally acceptable regardless of religious beliefs and Jacoby feels the viewpoint of Harris is helpful. People want a separate province for their specific religion and exclude other religions. ^[12]

Francis Collins attempted to criticise the limits of NOMA, arguing that science, religion, and other spheres have "partially overlapped," while agreeing with Gould that morals, spirituality, and ethics cannot be determined from naturalistic interpretation. ^[13] However, Gould encompassed exactly such a formulation in his original 1997 essay "Nonoverlapping Magisteria", writing that:

[E]ach subject has a legitimate magisterium, or domain of teaching authority ... This resolution might remain all neat and clean if the nonoverlapping magisteria (NOMA) of science and religion were separated by an extensive no man's land. But, in fact, the two magisteria bump right up against each other, interdigitating in wondrously complex ways along their joint border. Many of our deepest questions call upon aspects of both for different parts of a full answer—and the sorting of legitimate domains can become quite complex and difficult.^[14]

Art is not separate from science, rather the neurological and behavioural aspects of human beings perceiving and creating art or music can be studied as can all other aspects of human perception and behaviour. ^[15] Goulde separated art from both science and religion [2] and the separation from religion may or may not be valid. In the Ancient Greek and Roman religion for example the Muses dealt with art poetry etc and art was part of religion, so art can be part of religion as well as of psychology.

Moral philosophy typically includes study of pre-Christian Greek philosophers, and also studies the viewpoint of philosophers including Jeremy Bentham and Karl Marx who were not Christian. The subject is diverse and cannot reasonably be restricted to religious believers only or to one set of religious believers only.

See also

• Scientific discussion of NOMA

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Gould, Stephen Jay (2002). Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 034545040X. 
2. ^ http://sciencereligionnews.blogspot.com/2008/08/dennett-and-problems-with-goulds-noma.html
3. ^ SJ Gould (2000). "Evolution and the 21st Century." Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. March 2000.
4. ^ Steering Committee on Science and Creationism (1999). "Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences". NAS Press. http://newton.nap.edu/openbook/0309064066/html/R9.html. Retrieved 2007-11-16. 
5. ^ Gould, S. J. (1997). "Nonoverlapping Magisteria." Natural History 106 (March): 16-22.
6. ^ Pope Pius XII (1950) [1] Encyclical Letter Concerning Some False Opinions Which Threaten to Undermine the Foundations of Catholic Doctrine, August 12, 1950
7. ^ Dawkins, Richard (1998). "When Religion Steps on Science's Turf". Free Inquiry. http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/dawkins_18_2.html. Retrieved 2008-09-13. 
8. ^ Dawkins, Richard (2006). "Why There Almost Certainly Is No God". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-dawkins/why-there-almost-certainl_b_32164.html. Retrieved 2010-03-20. 
9. ^ Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Black Swan. ISBN 978-0-552-77331-7. 
10. ^ http://metamagician3000.blogspot.com/2011/01/very-short-introduction-to-non.html
11. ^ http://www.bigquestionsonline.com/columns/susan-jacoby/the-myth-of-separate-magisteria
12. ^ http://www.bigquestionsonline.com/columns/susan-jacoby/the-myth-of-separate-magisteria
13. ^ Collins, Francis. The Language of God. Simon and Schuster, 2007. pg 95, 165
14. ^ "Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms", Stephen J. Gould, p. 274, Jonathan Cape, 1998, ISBN 0-224-05043-5
15. ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WcUq7ZIS9uYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=art%2Bpsychology+of+perception&ots=WsmcrJpAB8&sig=-OIwQAKezCZtYCWXzfIjAfgNl8E#v=onepage&q&f=false

External links

• Nonmoral Nature - by Stephen Jay Gould
• Nonoverlapping Magisteria - by Stephen Jay Gould
• Evidence of a Creator in Nature - by John Lennox, Oxford University
• Gould on God - by H. Allen Orr, Boston Review.
• NOMA - by Michael Ruse, Metanexus Institute.
• A Separate Peace - by Michael Ruse, Science & Spirit.
• Rock of Ages - by Mark Ridley, New York Times
• The Holes in Gould's Semipermeable Membrane Between Science and Religion - by Ursula Goodenough, American Scientist
• Gould's Separate "Magisteria" - by Mark Durm, Massimo Pigliucci, Skeptical Inquirer
• The religious views of Stephen Gould and Charles Darwin - by Martin Gardner, Skeptical Inquirer
• Inventing allies in the sky - by Kenan Malik, New Statesman
• Rocks of Ages Book review - by Jim Walker