Monmouth order of battle

Monmouth order of battle
Color painting showing a mounted general with raised sword rallying his troops
Battle of Monmouth painting shows George Washington rallying his men while an embarrassed Charles Lee waits nearby.

The Battle of Monmouth on June 28, 1778 saw a colonial American army under Major General George Washington fight a British army led by Lieutenant General Henry Clinton. After evacuating Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 18, Clinton intended to march his 13,000-man army to New York City. Washington sent 6,400 troops commanded by Major General Charles Lee to attack the British column of march near Monmouth Court House, New Jersey. When Clinton counterattacked, Lee ordered his badly-deployed troops to fall back immediately. Washington brought up 7,000 men to support Lee's withdrawing wing and held his ground against repeated British assaults. That evening Clinton retreated from the field and continued his march to Sandy Hook where the British fleet waited to ferry his army to New York. Both armies' casualties were about even in the last major battle in the northern colonies. Lee was court martialed for his behavior during the battle.[1]

Contents

British Army order of battle

Color painting of a white-wigged Henry Clinton in a red coat with dark blue lapels
Sir Henry Clinton

Lieutenant General Henry Clinton (12,000-13,000)[2]
Brigadier General Sir William Erskine, 1st Baronet, Quartermaster General

1st Division

Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis[3]

  • Artillery: Two 12-pound, 12 6-pound, and two 3-pound guns
  • Unbrigaded:
  • Guards Brigade: Colonel Charles O'Hara[5]
    • Elements of 1st Foot Guard, 2nd Foot Guard, and 3rd Foot Guard Regiments
    • 1st Battalion[6]
      • Grenadier company, Lieutenant Colonel Sir George Osborn[7]
      • Hyde's company
      • Wrottesley's company
      • Cox's company
      • Garth's company
    • 2nd Battalion
      • Stephen's company
      • Murray's company
      • O'Hara's company
      • Martin's company
      • Light company
  • Grenadiers:[8]
    • 1st Grenadier Battalion, Lieutenant Colonel William Medows
      • 16 grenadier companies of the line
    • 2nd Grenadier Battalion, Colonel Henry Monckton †
      • 15 grenadier companies of the line
Black and white print of Charles Grey in late 18th century military uniform
Charles Grey
  • 3rd Brigade: General Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey
    • 15th Foot
    • 17th Foot
    • 42nd Foot
    • 44th Foot
  • 4th Brigade: Commander unknown[9]
    • 33rd Foot
    • 37th Foot
    • 46th Foot
    • 64th Foot
  • 5th Brigade: Brigadier General Alexander Leslie
    • 7th Foot
    • 26th Foot
    • 63rd Foot
  • Hessian Brigade: Colonel Johann August von Loos[10][11]
    • Linsing Grenadier Battalion
    • Minningerode Grenadier Battalion
    • Lengerke Grenadier Battalion

2nd Division

Black and white print of a bewigged Wilhelm von Knyphausen wearing a metal cuirass
Wilhelm von Knyphausen

Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen (not engaged)[12]

  • Unbrigaded:
    • 17th Light Dragoons
    • 2nd Light Infantry Battalion, Major John Maitland[13]
      • 14 light companies of the line
    • Hessian Jäger: Lieutenant Colonel Ludwig von Wurmb
      • Foot Jäger company, Captain Johann Ewald[14]
      • Foot Jäger company, Captain Carl Wreden
      • Mounted Jäger company, Captain Richard Lorey
    • Maryland loyalists
    • Pennsylvania loyalists
    • West Jersey loyalists
  • 1st Brigade: Major General James Grant[15]
    • 4th Foot
    • 28th Foot
    • 49th Foot
  • 2nd Brigade: Major General Grant
    • 5th Foot
    • 27th Foot
    • 55th Foot
  • Hessian Brigade: Major General Johann Daniel Stirn[16][17]
    • Erbprinz Infantry Regiment
    • Donop Infantry Regiment
    • Mirbach Infantry Regiment

American Army order of battle

Color painting of a white-haired George Washington in a dark blue military uniform with gold epaulettes and white collar
George Washington

Major General George Washington (11,000)[18][19][20]

Advanced Guard

Major General Charles Lee[21]

Painting of a youthful La Fayette in a dark military coat with buff lapels and waistcoat
Marquis de La Fayette

Right Wing

Color painting of gray-haired Nathanael Greene in 1783 by Charles Willson Peale. Greene wears his general's uniform with a dark blue coat, a buff vest and turnbacks, and brass buttons.
Nathanael Greene

Major General Nathanael Greene[23]

Painting of heavy-set man in blue military uniform with buff lapels and waistcoat
William Smallwood
Sepia print of a man in a military uniform that is open in front
Lachlan McIntosh

Left Wing

Black and white print of Lord Stirling in a military uniform
Lord Stirling

Major General William Alexander, Lord Stirling[24]

Note that at Valley Forge, the Pennsylvania brigades were led by Colonel Thomas Hartley, Lieutenant Colonel William Butler, and Brigadier General Thomas Conway.[27]

Sketch of curly-haired Glover with signature
John Glover

Notes

Footnotes
  1. ^ It is not clear what Johnson meant by this unit. Scott's 4th Virginia Brigade consisted of the 4th, 8th, and 12th Regiments, which were named separately.
Citations
  1. ^ Eggenberger, 282
  2. ^ Johnson, 95. Johnson listed the British total strength and the organization down to brigade and detachment level.
  3. ^ Monmouth war game. This source specified the regiments in Cornwallis' division, but not those in Knyphausen's division.
  4. ^ McGuire (2006), 205. The author gave the 1st Light Battalion organization at the time of the Battle of Brandywine.
  5. ^ McGuire (2006), 33. This brigade, with a strength of 1,000 men, was drawn by lottery from the three foot guard regiments.
  6. ^ McGuire (2006), 379. The battalion's company organization was for September 12, 1777.
  7. ^ McGuire (2006), 6
  8. ^ McGuire (2006), 205. The author gave the grenadier organization at the time of the Battle of Brandywine.
  9. ^ Monmouth war game. This source lists James Agnew but he was killed at the Battle of Germantown.
  10. ^ McGuire (2006), 162. McGuire noted that the three grenadier battalions listed here fought at Red Bank. The war game only named three generic units.
  11. ^ Johnson, 95. The author placed the Hessian grenadiers in the 1st Division.
  12. ^ Johnson, 95. Johnson gave the general organization of Knyphausen's division.
  13. ^ McGuire (2006), 205. The author gave the 2nd Light Battalion organization at the time of the Battle of Brandywine.
  14. ^ McGuire, 289. The author listed these units at Brandywine.
  15. ^ Johnson, 70. Johnson listed the 1st and 2nd Brigade units in his Germantown order of battle.
  16. ^ Johnson, 70. Johnson placed Erbprinz and Donop in Stirn's brigade at Germantown.
  17. ^ McGuire (2007), 162. McGuire noted that Mirbach fought at Red Bank. It is not known which Hessian brigade the unit was assigned to.
  18. ^ Johnson, 94. The author listed all the American units strengths. However, two General Scott brigades are listed.
  19. ^ Monmouth war game. The game listed all regiments except Varnum's brigade. It listed the 1st Virginia twice. The 11th Virginia was assumed to be assigned to Scott.
  20. ^ n2geneology.com. This source was useful in determining the brigade numbers.
  21. ^ Monmouth war game. This source listed the specific units in Lee's Advanced Guard, except Varnum's Brigade which was one unit.
  22. ^ ushistory.org. This source gave the regiments in Varnum's brigade.
  23. ^ Monmouth war game. This source listed the units in Greene's wing.
  24. ^ Monmouth war game. This source listed the units in Stirling's wing. It gave the three Pennsylvania brigade commanders as "Chmbr", "Johnsn", and "Magaw".
  25. ^ McGuire (2006), 249
  26. ^ McGuire (2006), 248
  27. ^ usahistory.org, Valley Forge

References

  • Eggenberger, David (1985). An Encyclopedia of Battles. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-24913-1. 
  • Johnson, Curt (1975). Battles of the American Revolution. London: Rand McNally & Company. ISBN 0-528-81022-7. 
  • Martin, David G., Millman, Leonard, Smith, Eric Lee. Battle of Monmouth: The Colonies take the Offensive war game. New York, NY: Simulations Publications, Inc., 1982.
  • McGuire, Thomas J. (2006). The Philadelphia Campaign, Volume I. Mechanicsburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-0178-6. 
  • McGuire, Thomas J. (2007). The Philadelphia Campaign, Volume II. Mechanicsburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-0206-5. 
  • n2geneology.com American Revolutionary War Units
  • ushistory.org Regiments at Valley Forge

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