Affe mit Schädel

Affe mit Schädel (Ape with Skull)

Artist	Hugo Rheinhold
Year	c. 1893
Type	Bronze
Dimensions	30 cm (12 in)

The Affe mit Schädel ("monkey with skull"), is a famous work by the late-19th century German sculptor Hugo Rheinhold. The statuette is otherwise known as the “Affe einen Schädel betrachtend” (monkey viewing or contemplating a skull). It was first exhibited in 1893 at the Große Berliner Kunstaustellung (Great Berlin Art Exhibition).

Description of the Statue

The Common Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) is sitting atop a pile of books and manuscripts. The subject is holding in its right hand a human skull, echoing the scene in Shakespeare's Hamlet where the Prince of Denmark mourns Yorick ("Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him…"). The chimpanzee cradles its chin with a hand in a contemplative posture. Sitting with its left leg supporting the right, the right leg holds the calipers in its foot. A spine of one of the closed books reads "Darwin".

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  Detail showing human skull.

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  Detail showing contemplative posture.

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  Detail showing pile of books and "Darwin" spine.

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  Detail showing rip to Bible page.

The book open at the feet and facing the viewer has a single inscription on the right hand page: "eritis sicut deus" from Genesis 3.5 when the serpent is enticing Eve to eat of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil in the Garden of Eden against the Lord’s command, promising "And ye shall be as God [knowing good and evil]"), however the second half of this quote is missing, ripped from the lower half of the page.^[1]

Motivation for the Statue

What inspired Rheinhold in making his sculpture is unknown, although it has obvious parallels with Auguste Rodin’s “The Thinker”. It is perhaps surprising to discover that while Rodin had developed his statue as early as 1880, it was not cast into bronze and displayed until after the Affe mit Schädel had debuted.^[2]

Interpretation of the Statue

The excised Biblical quote possibly suggests that good and evil cannot be known, or told apart. With the ape's study, the library of books and the caliper instruments, the suggestion is that the statue is warning against the application of rationalism in the absence of morality. Furthermore, when a human is depicted holding a skull it is usually a comment on mortality and the inevitability of death, famously Hamlet bereaves Yorick in one instance but is soon repulsed by this macabre souvenir as it brings him face-to-face with all life's grim destiny. But, for Hugo Rheinhold's ape it is something quite different. The ape is engaged in assessment and measurement (confirmed by the calipers). That we should even consider this level of intelligence in another species is a bold examination of ourselves through eyes that bear witness to the disproportionate leverage historically awarded humankind. Hugo Rheinhold's original inscription "eritis sicut deus" (sometimes wrongly "eritus …."), either suggests that Darwinian understanding may lead to Frankenstinian abuse of life's essence, or a more inclusive innocence that recognises a place for other advanced life‑forms on our intellectual podium, if only we can just accommodate those guests.^[3]

Reproduction of the Statue

While debuting at the Große Berliner Kunstaustellung, the Affe mit Schädel became noticed by the Gladenbeck foundry (set up by Carl Gustav Hermann Gladenbeck in 1851).^[4] Purchasing the rights to the statue, the foundry featured it as a bronze in their catalogue, and it became popular through its quirky originality.^[5] The 30 cm full-size moulds disappeared with the closure of the Gladenbeck foundry but Bildgießerei Seiler GmbH obtained the 13 cm Gladenbeck casting mould (Nr. 1194).^[6]

Distribution of the Statue

Gladenbeck editions of the statue are displayed at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Aberdeen’s Medico-Chirurgical Society, the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, the Boston Medical Library and the Medical Library of Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, and also in Calgary, Cottbus, Gloucester, Kerikeri, Munnekeburen, Oakville^{[disambiguation needed ]}, Osaka, Oxford, Salem am Bodensee, Stevens Point, Vienna, and famously on Lenin’s desk in the Kremlin.^[7] One was even salvaged from a WWII Junkers 88 at the bottom of Lake Attersee (Austria).^[8]

Variations of the Statue

A few foundries in Germany and elsewhere still produce faithfully accurate editions of the Affe mit Schädel. These editions tend to vary only in patinas and execution of the calipers. Other versions less faithful to the original, typically out of the USA, mutate the chimp's pensive contemplation to head‑scratching bewilderment, or sacrifice metallic lustre by substitution of cheaper materials (e.g., clay), and often undermine the sculpture's poise with careless positioning of a plastic skull. Prices currently range from $10 to $4,500. When they do rarely surface in auction or through private sale, Gladenbeck pieces can fetch up to $6,000.^{[citation needed]}

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  • the Darwin Monkey
    2008
    patina: Florentine Brown
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  • the Darwin Monkey
    2008
    patina: Gunmetal
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  • Powder Hall Bronze
    2008
    patina: Imperial Black
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  • Thomas Blakemore
    c. 1990
    patina: Potash Black
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  Gladenbeck
  c. 1942
  patina: Classic / antique

Citations

1. ^ Richter, J. & Schmetzke, A. (2005) "Der Philosophische Affe und die Eule der Minerva." In Kant, H. & Vogt, A., eds. Aus Wissenschaftsgeschichte und -theorie. Hubert Laitko zum 70. Geburtstag. Berlin: Berliner Verlag für Wissenschafts- und Regionalgeschichte Dr. Michael Engel: p. 19. Also Richter, J., & Schmetzke, A. (2007). Hugo Rheinhold's philosophizing monkey—a modern Owl of the Minerva. NTM—International Journal of History and Ethics of Natural Sciences, Technology and Medicine, 15(2): p. 86.
2. ^ Richter & Schmetzke (2005), p. 22. Also Richter & Schmetzke (2007), p. 90.
3. ^ Derry, J.F. (2005), Rheinhold's Philosophizing Monkey. (Pamphlet). University of Edinburgh Cultural Collections Audit. University of Edinburgh Museums and Galleries.
4. ^ Schmetzke, A. (1999/2008), Hugo Rheinhold ... and his Philosophizing Monkey: Gladenbeck. Retrieved 1. December 2008.
5. ^ Schmetzke, A. (1999/2008), From the Gladenbeck Catalog. Retrieved 1. December 2008.
6. ^ Schmetzke, A. (1999/2008), Original Gladenbeck Pieces of Rheinhold's Monkey. Retrieved 1. December 2008.
7. ^ Schmetzke, A. (1999/2008), Table 1: Bronzes of Rheinhold's "Philosophizing Monkey"--location, physical characteristics, foundry etc. Retrieved 1. December 2008.
8. ^ Schmetzke, A. (1999/2008), Sensation am Attersee. Also Richter & Schmetzke, 2007, p. 83. Retrieved 1. December 2008.

External links

• the Darwin Monkey Bronze Statue after Hugo Rheinhold
• Hugo Rheinhold ... and his Philosophizing Monkey
• Varieties of Rheinhold's Philosophizing Darwin Monkey
• Hugo's Philosophical Ape
• Rheinhold, Hugo (The Jewish Encyclopedia)
• Hugo Rheinhold's monkey