List of Merriam–Webster's Words of the Year

List of Merriam–Webster's Words of the Year

Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year, a list published annually by the American dictionary-publishing company Merriam-Webster, features the ten words of the year from the English language. This list started in 2003, and is published at the end of each year. At first, Merriam-Webster determined its contents by analyzing page hits and popular searches on its website. Since 2006, the list has been determined by an online poll and by suggestions from visitors to the site.[1]

As of 2008, only two of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year were already dictionary entries at the time they earned their status (democracy in 2003 and integrity in 2005). 2004's Top Word, blog, was added to dictionaries later. The words for 2006 and 2007, truthiness and w00t, respectively, have not made it to the traditional Merriam-Webster printed dictionary as of 2008.[2] The Words of the Year usually reflect events that happened during the years the lists were published. For example, the Word of the Year for 2005, integrity, showed that the general public had an immense interest in defining this word amid ethics scandals in the United States government, corporations, and sports.[3] The Word of the Year for 2004, blog, was looked up on the Online Dictionary the most as blogs began to influence mainstream media.[4] In 2006, Merriam-Webster received a lot of publicity as truthiness, a word coined by Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report, topped the list.[5]

Contents

Selection process

When the Word of the Year was started in 2003, Merriam-Webster determined which words would appear on the list by analyzing page hits and popular searches to its web site.[1] For example, the 2003 and 2004 lists were determined by online hits to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary and Online Thesaurus and to Merriam-WebsterCollegiate.com.[6][7] Since 2006, Merriam-Webster changed this practice, and the list was determined by an online poll among words that were suggested by visitors to the site.[1] Visitors were requested to vote for one entry out of a list of twenty words and phrases. The list consisted of the words and phrases that were frequently looked-up on the site and those that were submitted by many readers.[5]

Words of the Year

2003

Rank Word[8] Definition
1
 democracy (noun) State governed by the people or by officials elected by the people.[9]
2
 quagmire (noun) Soft, muddy land; a predicament[10]
3
 quarantine (noun) Period of time in which a person, animal, or ship that could possibly be carrying infection is kept apart;[11] a period of 40 days.[12]
4
 matrix (noun) Something from which something else originates, develops, or takes form;[13] a mold or die; an electroplated impression of a phonograph record used to make duplicate records.[14]
(noun in biology) The substance in which tissue cells are embedded.[15]
(noun in math) The arrangement of a set of quantities in rows and columns.[16]
(noun in geology) Fine-grained rock in which fossils, crystals, or gems are embedded.[15]
5
 marriage (noun) Legally uniting a man and a woman as husband and wife; wedlock; a close union or a wedding.[17]
6
 slog (verb) To hit hard or beat heavily; to toil; walk or plod slowly.
(noun) Laborious work; long, tiring walk or march; a heavy blow.[18]
7
 gubernatorial (adjective) Of or relating to a governor.[19]
8
 plagiarism (noun) The act of stealing from another author's works.[20]
9
 outage (noun) Something lost after delivery or storage; temporary suspension of an operation, especially electric power.[21]
10
 batten (verb) To grow fat, to feed greedily, or to live in luxury at the expense of others;[22] to bolster or fasten with battens.
(noun) A strip fixed to something to hold it firm.[23]

John Morse, president of Merriam-Webster, pointed out that "the most frequently looked up words are not the newest words, not the latest high-tech terms, not the cool new slang."[7] Instead, these top ten words correlated to breaking news stories and world events in 2003. The top word democracy correlated to the invasion of Iraq and the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime,[24] quarantine to a SARS epidemic, and matrix to the film The Matrix Revolutions.[7]

2004

Rank Word[8] Definition
1
 blog (noun) Online journal where the writer presents a record of activities, thoughts, or beliefs.[25]
2
 incumbent (noun) A person that possesses an ecclesiastical benefice or other office.
(adjective) Lying on; resting on a person, obligatory.[26]
3
 electoral (adjective) Pertaining to electors or elections; consisting of electors.[27]
4
 insurgent (noun) A person who rebels or rises against authority.
(adjective) Rising in revolt, refusing to accept authority.[28]
5
 hurricane (noun) Violent, tropical cyclone of the western North Atlantic with wind speeds at or above 72 miles per hour (32 m/s); most severe, intense storm; anything that suggests a violent storm.[29]
6
 cicada (noun) An insect of the family Cicadidae.[30]
7
 peloton (noun) The main group of riders in a bicycle race.[31]
8
 partisan (noun) A supporter of a cause, person, or group, especially a supporter with biased allegiance; a member of a military group harassing an enemy, especially a group engaged in guerilla warfare against an occupying army.[32]
9
 sovereignty (noun) Government free from external control; royal authority; a state's authority to govern another state.[33]
10
 defenestration (noun) The act of throwing a thing or person out a window.[34]

In 2004, blogs were becoming highly popular and began to influence mainstream media. During the twelve-month period that decides the word of the year, the term blog had the most requests for a definition or explanation, so a new entry was placed in Merriam-Webster's printed dictionary for 2005. The other words on this list, such as incumbent, electoral, and partisan, were associated with major news events, such as the United States presidential election of 2004 or natural disasters that hit the US.[4]

2005

Rank Word[8] Definition
1
 integrity (noun) Adherence to moral or ethic principles; incorruptibility.[35]
2
 refugee (noun) One who flees for protection from danger or distress; one who flees to another country or place for safety.[36][37]
3
 contempt (noun) Willful disobedience to or open disrespect of a court, judge or legislative body.[35]
4
 filibuster (noun) Using delaying tactics in an attempt to delay or prevent action, especially in a legislative assembly.[35]
5
 insipid (adjective) Lacking in taste; vapid, flat, dull, heavy, and spiritless.[38]
6
 tsunami (noun) Very large ocean wave caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption.[39]
7
 pandemic (noun) Occurring over a wide geographic area; affecting a large population.[35]
8
 conclave (noun) Assembly of cardinals to elect the Roman Catholic pope; a secret assembly.[40]
9
 levee (noun) A formal reception of guests, as in a royal court; a pier that provides a place to land at a river; an embankment that was made to prevent a river from overflowing.[41]
10
 inept (adjective) Not apt or fitting, inappropriate; lack of judgement, sense, or reason; foolish; bungling or clumsy; incompetent.[42]

For 2005, integrity was the most looked-up word in Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary.[43] According to John Morse, President of Merriam-Webster, the word integrity slowly moved up the list to first place in 2005 because ethics scandals emerged around the United States regarding corporations, government, and sports,[3] such as the CIA leak investigations, scandals in Congress, and disgraced athletes.[35]

Hurricane Katrina, the bird flu, and the death of Pope John Paul II renewed public interest in words such as refugee, tsunami, pandemic, conclave, and levee. The word refugee was also a candidate for the American Dialect Society's Word of the Year; according to Morse, the term gained notoriety as the entire country debated with how to describe people affected by Hurricane Katrina.[3] The debate, over whether refugee was the proper term to describe displaced residents or whether the term was pejorative, summoned several Americans to look up the word in their dictionaries to form their own opinion. The word refugee received more queries in one month than most words in an entire year.[35] The word insipid made the Top 10 list after Simon Cowell described Anthony Fedorov's performance in American Idol as "pleasant, safe, and a little insipid."[3] At number 10 is inept, a word that received a lot of attention after the days when President George W. Bush delivered a live prime time news conference that came to an awkward end when some television networks cut him off to return to their regularly scheduled programs.[44]

2006

Rank Word[8] Definition
1
 truthiness (noun) Truth coming from the gut, not books; preferring to believe what you wish to believe, rather than what is known to be true.[45]
2
 google (verb) Using the Google search engine to look up information about a person.[46]
3
 decider (noun) A person who settles things in dispute or doubt.[47]
4
 war (noun) A contest of armed forces between nations, countries, or parties.
(verb) To be in conflict or state of opposition.
(adjective) Related to, of, belonging to, used in, or due to such a contest or conflict.[48]
5
 insurgent (noun) A person who rebels or rises against authority.
(adjective) Rising in revolt, refusing to accept authority.[28]
6
 terrorism (noun) Use of violence or threats to intimidate or coerce a person, especially for political purposes.[49]
7
 vendetta (noun) A blood feud;[50] prolonged and bitter feud, rivalry, or contention.[51]
8
 sectarian (adjective) Pertaining to factions united under one doctrine, such as religious denominations;[52][53] narrow-minded.[54]
9
 quagmire (noun) Soft, wet, boggy land;[55] a situation from which extrication is difficult.[56]
10
 corruption (noun) Lack of integrity or honesty; decay; impairment of virtue and moral principles; undermining moral integrity; inducement by a public official with improper means to violate duties, for example, bribery.[57]

After online visitors chose truthiness in a five-to-one majority vote as the Word of the Year of 2006,[58] Merriam-Webster received a large amount of publicity.[5] This was the first year in which Merriam-Webster used online voting to decide its Word of the Year.[59] The term was created by Stephen Colbert on Comedy Central in The Colbert Report's first episode,[60] which took place on October 2005,[61] to describe things that he fervently believes to be the case regardless of the facts.[62] In addition, truthiness became the American Dialect Society's Word of the Year for 2005.[59]

2007

Rank Word[63] Definition
1
 w00t (interjection) Expressing joy.[63]
2
 facebook (verb) To post a picture or other information to profile pages at the trademarked social networking website Facebook.[64]
3
 conundrum (noun) A riddle whose answer is or involves a pun; question or problem with only a conjectural answer; intricate and difficult problem.[65]
4
 quixotic (adjective) Foolishly impractical especially in the pursuit of ideals; loftily romantic or extravagantly chivalrous; capricious or unpredictable..[66]
5
 blamestorm (verb) To hold a discussion in order to assign blame to a person for a failure.[67]
6
 sardoodledom (noun) "A play with an overly contrived and melodramatic plot."[68]
7
 apathetic (adjective) No feeling or passion, indifferent.[69]
8
 Pecksniffian (adjective) Hypocritically benevolent.[70]
9
 hypocrite (noun) Person who pretends to have virtues, beliefs, or principles that he or she does not actually possess.[71]
10
 charlatan (noun) A person who pretends to have more knowledge and skill than he or she actually possesses.[72]

John Morse, President of Merriam-Webster, said that the word w00t was a good choice because it "blends whimsy and new technology".[73] Spelled with two zeros in leetspeak, w00t reflects a new direction in the English language led by a generation raised on video games and cell phone text messaging.[74] While the word itself has not been published in its printed dictionary yet, Merriam-Webster claims that its presence in the Open Dictionary and the honors it's been awarded gives w00t a better chance at becoming an official word.[75][76] It originally became popular in online gaming forums and is now used as an expression of excitement and joy. The word is also considered an acronym in the online gaming world for the phrase We owned the other team.[64] This word was also used in the 1990 film Pretty Woman when Julia Roberts exclaimed "Woot, woot, woot!" to her date's friends during a polo match.[77]

Placing second in 2007's contest, facebook created an unofficial verb out of the website Facebook.[64] Founded in 2004, Facebook is a social network that allows its users to create a profile page and forge links with other friends and acquaintances.[78]

2008

Rank Word[79] Definition
1
 bailout (noun) A rescue from financial distress.[79]
2
 vet (verb) To provide veterinary care for an animal or medical care for a person; to subject a person or animal to a physical examination or checkup; to subject to expert appraisal or correction; to evaluate for possible approval or acceptance.[80]
3
 socialism (noun) economic or political theory advocating collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods; society in which there is no private property; a stage of society in Marxist theory transitional between capitalism and communism and distinguished by unequal distribution of goods and pay according to work done.[81]
4
 maverick (noun) unbranded range animal, especially a motherless calf; an independent individual who does not go along with a group or party.[82]
5
 bipartisan (adjective) of, relating to, or involving members of two parties; specifically, marked by or involving cooperation, agreement, and compromise between two major political parties.[83]
6
 trepidation (noun) A tremor; apprehension.[84]
7
 precipice (noun) Very steep or overhanging place; a hazardous situation.[85]
8
 rogue (noun) Vagrant or tramp; dishonest, worthless, or mischievous person; horse inclined to shirk or misbehave; individual with a chance and usually inferior biological variation.[86]
9
 misogyny (noun) Hatred of women.[87]
10
 turmoil (noun) a state or condition of extreme confusion, agitation, or commotion.[88]

2009

Rank Word[89] Definition
1
 admonish (verb) to express warning or disapproval to especially in a gentle, earnest, or solicitous manner[89]
2
 emaciated (verb) to have wasted away physically[90]
3
 empathy (noun) the action of understanding, being aware of, being sensitive to, and vicariously experiencing the feelings, thoughts, and experience of another of either the past or present without having the feelings, thoughts, and experience fully communicated in an objectively explicit manner; also : the capacity for this[91]
4
 furlough (noun) a leave of absence from duty granted especially to a soldier; also : a document authorizing such a leave of absence.[92]
5
 inaugurate (verb) to induct into an office with suitable ceremonies[93]
6
 nugatory (adjective) of little or no consequence[94]
7
 pandemic (adjective) occurring over a wide geographic area and affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the population[95]
8
 philanderer (noun) : one who has casual or illicit sex with a woman or with many women[96]
9
 repose (verb) to lie at rest[97]
10
 rogue (adjective) corrupt, dishonest[98]

References

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  82. ^ "maverick". Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2009. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/maverick. Retrieved 2009-03-06. 
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  84. ^ "trepidation". Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2009. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/trepidation. Retrieved 2009-03-06. 
  85. ^ "precipice". Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2009. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/precipice. Retrieved 2009-03-06. 
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  93. ^ "inaugurate". Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2010. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inaugurate. Retrieved 2010-02-22. 
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  95. ^ "pandemic". Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2010. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pandemic. Retrieved 2010-02-22. 
  96. ^ "philanderer". Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2010. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/philanderer. Retrieved 2010-02-22. 
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