Melt pond

As ice melts, the liquid water collects in depressions on the surface and deepens them, forming these melt ponds in the Arctic. These fresh water ponds are separated from the salty sea below and around it, until breaks in the ice merge the two.

Melt ponds are pools of open water that form on sea ice in the warmer months of spring and summer. The ponds are also found on glacial ice and ice shelfs. Ponds of melted water can also develop under the ice.

Melt ponds are usually darker than the surrounding ice. The distribution and size of melt ponds is highly variable.

These ponds absorb the sun's energy, rather than reflecting it as ice does, thereby having a significant influence on Earth's radiation balance. This differential, which has not been scientifically investigated until recently, has a large effect on the rate of ice melting and the extent of ice cover. ^[1]

Melt ponds can melt through to the ocean's surface.^[2] Salt water entering the pond, increases the melt rate because the salty water is warmer than the fresh water of the pond.

Water from melt ponds over the surface can run into crevasses or "moulin" (tubes leading under ice sheets or glaciers), turning into meltwater. The water may reach the underlying rock. The effect is an increase in the rate of ice flow to the oceans, as the fluid behaves like a lubricant in the basal sliding of glaciers.^[3]

Effects of Melt Ponds

See also: Glacial motion

The effects of melt ponds are diverse. Research by Ted Scambos, from the National Snow and Ice Data Center has supported the melt water fracturing theory, that suggests the melting process associated with melt ponds has a substantial affect on ice shelf disintegration.^[4] Seasonal melt ponded and penetrating under glaciers shows seasonal acceleration and deceleration of ice flows affecting whole icesheets.^[5] Accumulated changes by ponding on ice sheets appear in the earthquake record of Greenland and other glaciers^[6]: "Quakes ranged from six to 15 per year from 1993 to 2002, then jumped to 20 in 2003, 23 in 2004, and 32 in the first 10 months of 2005."^[7] Ponding in the extreme is lakes and lakes in association with glaciers are examined in the particular case of the Missoula Floods.

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  Melt ponds on sea ice in Baffin Bay
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  This false colour satellite image shows blue melt ponds in Greenland

See also

• Moulin (geology)
• Glacier ice accumulation
• Polar ice packs

References

1. ^ "Scientists use Satellite to "Pond-er" Melted Arctic Ice". NASA. 2 October, 2003. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/0918meltwater.html. Retrieved 2008-01-01. 
2. ^ "Melt ponds". http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/sid/perovich/SHEBAice/meltpond.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-01. 
3. ^ "Melt Ponds on Greenland's Ice Cap". http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17607. Retrieved 2008-01-01. 
4. ^ "Larsen B Ice Shelf Collapses in Antarctica". Archived from the original on 2007-12-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20071224135934/http://nsidc.org/iceshelves/larsenb2002/. Retrieved 2008-01-01. 
5. ^ Surface Melt-Induced Acceleration of Greenland Ice-Sheet Flow Originally published in Science Express on 6 June 2002, Science 12 July 2002: Vol. 297. no. 5579, pp. 218 - 222.
6. ^ Global warming yields 'glacial earthquakes' in polar areas
7. ^ Glacial earthquakes rock Greenland ice sheet 12:36 24 March 2006, NewScientist.com news service