- Ferranti Mark 1
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The Ferranti Mark 1, also known as the Manchester Electronic Computer in its sales literature,[1] and thus sometimes called the Manchester Ferranti, was the world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer.[2] It was "the tidied up and commercialised version of the Manchester computer".[3]
Contents
History and specifications
The first machine was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951, just ahead of the UNIVAC I which was delivered to the United States Census Bureau a month later.
The machine was built by Ferranti of the United Kingdom. It was based on the Manchester Mark 1, which was designed at the University of Manchester by Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn. The Manchester Mark 1 effectively served as a prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1; the main improvements over it were in the size of the primary and secondary storage, a faster multiplier, and additional instructions.
The Mark 1 used a 20-bit word stored as a single line of dots on a Williams tube display, each tube storing 64 "lines" of dots. Instructions were stored in a single word, while numbers were stored in two words. The main memory consisted of eight tubes, each storing one such "page" of 64 words. Other tubes stored the single 80-bit accumulator (A), the 40-bit "multiplicand/quotient register" (MQ) and eight "B-lines", or index registers, which was one of the unique features of the Mark 1 design. The accumulator could also be addressed as two 40-bit words. An extra 20-bit word per tube stored an offset value into the secondary storage. Secondary storage was provided in the form of a 512-page magnetic drum, storing two pages per track, with about 30 milliseconds revolution time. The drum provided eight times the storage of the original designed at Manchester.
The instructions, like the Manchester machine, used a "single address" format in which operands were modified and left in the accumulator. There were about fifty instructions in total. The basic cycle time was 1.2 milliseconds, and a multiplication could be completed in the new parallel unit in about 2.16 milliseconds (about five times faster than the original). The multiplier used almost a quarter of the machine's 4,050 vacuum tubes.[1] Several instructions were included to copy a word of memory from one of the Williams tubes to a paper tape machine, or read them back in. Several new instructions were added to the original Manchester design, including a random number instruction and several new instructions using the B-lines.
The original Mark 1 had to be programmed by entering alphanumeric characters representing a 5-bit value that could be represented on the paper tape input. The engineers decided to use the simplest mapping between the paper holes and the binary digits they represented, but the mapping between the holes and the physical keyboard was never meant to be a binary mapping. As a result the characters representing the values from 0–31 (5-bit numbers) looked entirely random, specifically /E@A:SIU½DRJNFCKTZLWHYPQOBG"MXV£. Each instruction was represented by a single character.
The first machine was delivered to the University of Manchester. Ferranti had high hopes for further sales, and were encouraged by an order placed by the Atomic Energy Research Establishment for delivery in autumn 1952. But a change of government while the machine was being built led to all government contracts over ₤100,000 being cancelled, leaving Ferranti with a partially completed Mark 1. The machine, nicknamed FERUT, was eventually purchased by the University of Toronto at "fire sale" prices, and was extensively used in business, engineering, and academia.
Mark 1 Star
After the first two machines a revised version of the design became available, known as the Ferranti Mark 1* or the Ferranti Mark 1 Star. The revisions mainly cleaned up the instruction set for better usability. Instead of the original mapping from holes to binary digits that resulted in the random-looking mapping, the new machines mapped digits to holes in order to produce a much simpler mapping, ø£½0@:$ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ. Additionally several commands that used the index registers had side-effects that led to quirky programming, but these were modified to have no side-effects. Similarly, the original machines' JUMP instructions landed at a location "one before" the actual address, for reasons similar to the odd index behavior, but these proved useful only in theory and quite annoying in practice, and were similarly modified. Input/output was also modified, with 5-bit numbers being output least significant digit to the right, as is typical for most numeric writing. These, among other changes, greatly improved the ease of programming the newer machines. At least seven of the Mark 1* machines were delivered between 1951 and 1957, one of them to Shell labs in Amsterdam.
Tim Berners-Lee's parents both worked on the Ferranti Mark 1 and Mark 1*.[4]
Oldest recorded computer music
Included in the Ferranti Mark 1's instruction set was a hoot command, which enabled the machine to give auditory feedback to its operators. The sound generated could be altered in pitch, a feature which was exploited when the Mark 1 made the earliest known recording of computer music, playing a medley which included "God Save the King", "Baa Baa Black Sheep", and "In the Mood".[5] The recording was made by the BBC towards the end of 1951, and the programming was done by Christopher Strachey, a maths teacher at Harrow and a friend of Alan Turing. It was not however the first computer to have played music – CSIRAC, Australia's first digital computer, achieved that with a rendition of Colonel Bogey.[6]
One of oldest computer games
Main article: First video gameIn November 1951, Dr. Dietrich Prinz wrote one of the oldest computer games, a chess-playing program for the Manchester Ferranti Mark 1 computer. The limitation of the Mark 1 computer did not allow for a whole game of chess to be programmed. Prinz could only program mate-in-two chess problems. The program would examine every possible move for White and Black (thousands of possible moves) until a solution was found. This took an average of 15 to 20 minutes to do so. The program’s restrictions were: no castling; no double move, no en passant, and no promotion for pawns; no distinction between checkmate and stalemate.[citation needed]
References
- Notes
- ^ a b Lavington 1998, p. 25
- ^ Although it was preceded by the BINAC and the Z4, BINIAC was not intended to be a general-purpose computer and it was never used for its intended purpose,"Description of the BINAC", citing Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 10 #1 1988, http://www.palosverdes.com/lasthurrah/binac-description.html, retrieved 2008-07-26 and Z4 was electro-mechanical not electronic Dead medium: the Zuse Ziffernrechner; the V1, Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 program-controlled electromechanical digital computers; the death of Konrad Zuse, http://www.deadmedia.org/notes/3/034.html, retrieved 26 July 2008
- ^ Tootill, Geoff (2010), National Life Stories an Oral History of British Science: Geoff Tootill Interviewed by Thomas Lean, British Library, p. 169 C1379/02 Track 6, http://sounds.bl.uk/File.aspx?item=021T-C1379X0002XX-0000A0.pdf, retrieved 30 January 2011
- ^ http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html
- ^ Manchester Mark 1 playing the first recorded computer music, Manchester University, http://www.digital60.org/media/mark_one_digital_music/, retrieved 22 January 2009
- ^ Fildes, Jonathan (17 June 2008), "'Oldest' computer music unveiled", BBC News Online, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7458479.stm, retrieved 18 June 2008
- Bibliography
- Lavington, Simon (1998), A History of Manchester Computers (2 ed.), Swindon: The British Computer Society, ISBN 0902505018
- Lavington, Simon (1980), Early British Computers, Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-0803-4. Chap. 7
- Williams, Michael (1997), A History of Computing Technology, IEEE Computer Society Press, ISBN 0-8186-7739-2. Chap. 8.3.2
External links
Categories:- Early computers
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