- Convoys ONS 18/ON 202
-
Convoys ONS 18/ON 202 Part of World War II Date 19-23 September 1943 Location North Atlantic Result inconclusive Belligerents 
United Kingdom
GermanyCommanders and leaders ONS 18:
Comm: HC Forsyth
Escort:Cdr MB Evans
ON 202:
Comm: EO Cochrane
Escort:LtCdr PW BurnettAdmiral Karl Dönitz Strength ONS 18:
27 ships:
8 escorts:
ON 202:
38 ships:
6 escort:
SG 9:
5 warshipsLeuthen: :
21 U-boatsCasualties and losses 6 ships:
3 warships3 U-boats ONS 18 and ON 202 were North Atlantic convoys of the ONS/ON series which ran during the battle of the Atlantic in World War II. They were the subject of a major U-boat attack in September 1943, the first battle in the German Navy's (Kriegsmarine /KM's) autumn offensive, following the withdrawal from the North Atlantic route after Black May.
Contents
Background
Following the defeats of May 1943, and the devastating losses incurred by the U- boat Arm (U-Bootwaffe)(UBW) Adm Dönitz had withdrawn from attacks on the North Atlantic route while awaiting tactical and technical improvements. By September 1943 these were ready, and U-boat Control (Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote)(BdU) dispatched a patrol group of 21 boats, code-named Leuthen, to renew the attack on the North Atlantic route.
Protagonists
In September 1943 BdU had established the patrol line Leuthen of 21 U-boats south of Greenland; these were to intercept west-bound convoys as they were about to enter the Greenland Air Gap, where Allied aircraft were reckoned to be unable to operate due to the extreme range. Leuthen was to harry any convoy it encountered while crossing the gap, before breaking off to repeat the onslaught with the east-bound convoys.
On 12 September 1943 convoy ONS 18 left Liverpool bound for Halifax. Composed of 27 ships it was protected by B-3 Escort Group, comprising 2 destroyers, Escapade and Keppel, ( Cdr MB Evans RN, the Senior Officer:Escort); the frigate Towey, and 5 corvettes; Narcissus, Orchis, Roselys, Lobelia and Renoncule. ONS-18 was also accompanied by the MAC carrier Empire MacAlpine. When Western Approaches Command became aware of Leuthen, it was decided to reinforce ONS 18; the following convoy, ON 202 was ordered to close up, and a support group, SG 9, sent to join.
ON 202 had left Liverpool on 15 September, composed of 38 ships and escorted by Canadian escort group C-2, comprising 2 destroyers, Gatineau (commanded by Lt.Cdr PW Burnett RN, SOE) and Icarus; the frigate Lagan, and 3 corvettes; Drumheller, Kamloops and Polyanthus.
Support Group 9 comprised destroyer St Croix, frigate Itchen (Cdr CE Bridgman RN, SOE) and 3 corvettes, Chambly, Morden and Sackville.
Altogether the 65 ships were escorted by 19 warships, to face an attack from 21 U-boats.
Action
On 19 September ONS 18 was sighted by U-270; after sending a sighting report she was authorized to attack. Closing in U-270 fired a T-5 acoustic torpedo at Lagan, damaging her stern, the first case of an Allied warship to be damaged by the new weapon. The escorts counter-attacked, but U-270 escaped, though Escapade was damaged by a misfire from her Hedgehog. Both Lagan and Escapade were forced to detach, returning to base under escort.
The Leuthen boats closed in during 19 September, but 2 were attacked by air patrols, which, since the introduction of a number of Very Long Range (VLR) Liberators during the summer, had been extended into the Air Gap. U-341 was attacked and sunk by a Liberator from 10 Squadron RCAF. U-338 was attacked by a Liberator of 120 Sqdn RAF which was credited with the kill; however post-war analysis showed that U-338 was only damaged by this, and was later engaged and sunk by the corvette Drumheller of C 2 group.
On the night of 19/20 several Leuthen boats were in contact; U-260 attacked, but gained no hits. U-238 fired on 2 ships, sinking one, Theodore Dwight Weld, and damaging another, Frederick Douglass. She fell out of the convoy, and was sunk later in the day by U-645.
On 20/21 a dozen boats were in contact, and 8 were able to attack. U-305 hit St Croix, which sank with the loss of 66 of her crew. U-952 hit Polyanthus, which exploded and sank, leaving 1 survivor. He, and 81 men from St Croix, were picked up by Itchen. U-386 was damaged by depth-charge attack and was forced to retire; U-603 was ordered to rendezvous, but was thwarted by air attacks.
Leuthen remained in contact, and on the night of 21/22 renewed the attack. U-377 attacked, claiming hits, but these were not confirmed; she was attacked and damaged by aircraft and retired. U-230 attacked, but again no hits were confirmed, she also was attacked by an unidentified escort and forced to retire. U-229 was attacked and destroyed, this being credited to Keppel, Evans’ flagship. U-422 was damaged by air attack, but was able to continue.
On 23 September the convoys reached the Grand Banks area, where fog hindered visibility both of the air patrols and the attacking Leuthen boats. U-238 was able to penetrate the escort screen and sank 3 ships; Skjelbred, Oregon Express, and Fort Jemseg. U-666 torpedoed Itchen; she sank, leaving just 3 survivors from her own crew and those of Polyanthus and St Croix she was carrying. U-952 sank Steel Voyager and damaged James Gordon Bennett. U-758 attacked, but had no hits confirmed and was herself damaged by a depth-charge attack.
Poor visibility, fuel shortages, and fatigue now beset both U-boats and escorts, but BdU, believing the attack to have been a great success, ordered Leuthen to break off the attack.
Claims by the various boat amounted to 12 escorts and 9 ships sunk, and a further 2 ships damaged
Actual losses were 3 escorts and 6 ships and 1 damaged and 1 damaged, while 3 U-boats were destroyed and a further 3 damaged, being forced to return to base.
Both convoys continued to their destinations, ONS 18 reaching Halifax on 29 September, while ON 202 arrived at New York on 1 October.
Conclusion
Believing the new tactics and weapons to be a great success, BdU continued the offensive. Leuthen was disbanded, with 12 boats forming a new patrol line, Rossbach, joined by 9 boats from home bases to attack the next set of east-bound convoys.
The Admiralty were also encouraged by the result. Despite the losses, (which were serious), 90% of the ships had arrived safely. The losses, while serious, were no more grievous than during the battles of late 1942 and early 1943. Thus they were confident the escorts would be able to meet the challenge of the U-boat Arms new weapons and tactics.
Tables
a) Allied ships lost
Date Name Nationality Casualties Tonnage Sunk by... ONS-18 ... ... ... ... ... 23 Sept 1943 Steel Voyager US none 6198 GRT U-952 ON-202 ... ... ... ... ... 19/20 Sept Theodore Dwight Weld US 33 7176 GRT U-238 20 Sept Frederick Douglass US none 7176 GRT U-238,
U-65423 Sept Fort Jemseg British 1 7134 GRT U-238 23 Sept Oregon Express Nor 8 3642 GRT U-238 23 Sept Skjelbred Nor none 5096 GRT U-238 . b) Allied warships lost
Date Name Nationality Casualties Type Sunk by... 20/21 Sept 1943 St Croix Canadian ? 147 destroyer U-305 20/21 Sept Polyanthus British ? 88 corvette U-952 23 Sept Itchen British 227 frigate U-666 . c) Axis submarines lost
Date Number Type Captain Casualties Sunk by... 19 Sept 1943 U-341 VIIC O/L Epp 50 Lib A, 10 sqdn RCAF 20 Sept U-338 VIIC K/L Kinzel 51 Lib F, 120 Sqdn
HMCS Drumheller21/22 Sept U-229 VIIC O/L Schletig 50 HMS Keppel External links
References
- Clay Blair : Hitler's U-Boat War Vol II (1998) ISBN 0-304-35261-7
- Bernard Edwards :Donitz and the Wolf Packs (1996) ISBN 0-304-35203-9
- Arnold Hague : The Allied Convoy System 1939-1945 (2000) ISBN (Canada) 1 55125 033 0 : ISBN (UK) 1 86176 147 3
- Paul Kemp : U-Boats Destroyed ( 1997) . ISBN 1-85409-515-3
- Axel Neistle : German U-Boat Losses during World War II (1998) . ISBN 1-85367-352-8
- Stephen Roskill : The War at Sea 1939-1945 Vol III (1960) ISBN (none)
- Jak P M Showell U-Boat Warfare: The Evolution of the Wolf-Pack (2002) ISBN 0-7110-2887-7
Categories:- North Atlantic convoys of World War II
- World War II Battle of the Atlantic
- Naval battles of World War II involving Canada
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