Colonia Tabacalera

Avenida Juarez looking toward the Monumento a la Revolución

Colonia Tabacalera is a colonia or neighborhood in the Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City, on the western border of the city's historic center. It was created in the late 19th century along with other nearby colonias such as Colonia San Rafael and Colonia Santa María la Ribera. From the early 20th century, it became a mixture of mansions and apartment buildings, with major constructions such as the now Monument to the Revolution and the El Moro skyscraper built in the first half of the century. By the 1950s, the area had a Bohemian reputation with writers, artists and exiles living there. These included Fidel Castro and Ernesto “Che” Guevara who met each other and began planning the Cuban Revolution here. Today, the colonia is in decline with problems such as prostitution, crime, street vending and traffic. However, the area is still home to some of the many traditional Mexican cantinas that populated it in its heyday.

Description

The colonia extends over 28 blocks and contains 19 streets covering a total area of 1.75 km². About 3,500 live in the colonia with another 10,500 who come in to work.^[1] The colonia's boundaries are formed by Avenida Hidalgo, Puente de Alvarado, Avenida Insurgentes and Paseo de la Reforma and bordered by Colonia Buenavista and Colonia Guerrero to the north, Colonia Juárez to the south, the historic center to the east and Colonia San Rafael to the west. There is a mistaken belief that the block immediately north of Puente de Alvarado also belong to this colonia, but records show that this was never the case.^[1] Public transportation includes Metro stations Hidalgo and Revolucion and major streets include Basilio Badillo, Sombrereros and Humboldt.^[2][1] Since the 1950s, the area has evolved from a residential neighborhood to one with office buildings, mostly belonging to government and union entities. The area is also home to a number of newspapers, especially along the colonia's border with the historic center. This is one reason why parking is a major issue during the work week.^[2][3] Because of the newspapers which operate early in the morning, cantinas and prostitution, which work very late, the colonia is considered to be one “which never sleeps.”(detrioro) The cantina tradition dates back to the colonias Bohemian heyday from the 1930s to the 1950s. There are still 36 in the neighborhood with the most popular located on Ignacio Mariscal Street: Bar Oxford, La Gruta de San Fernando and the Salon Palacio.^[4][3]

Schools in the neighborhood include Carita Alegre Preschool (prívate), Carlos Pellicer Camara Primary (private), Cendi ISSSTE 1 Celia Garibay de Ruiz Primary (public), Cendi Part Nani S.C. Primary (public), Cendi Sp Loteria Nacional Primary (public), Centro de Asesoria Preparatoria Abierta Jose Marti Vocational High School (public) and Pensiones Primary (public).^[5]

The colonia has seriously deteriorated since its founding. Much of this has been blamed on the arrival of office buildings in the mid 20th century.^[2] The area around Puente de Alvardo, Plaza de la Republica, Ramos Arizpe and Jose Maria Iglesias streets are considered to be a “hot spot” for crime.^[6] Each year in December, streets around the Monumento a la Revolución fill with street vendors selling items for Epiphany a major holiday for gift giving, especially toys to children. This annual street market has cause vehicular and pedestrian traffic problems and complaints from those who live in the area. Traffic can be slowed to needing one hour to travel five blocks. Other problems include vendors tapping illegally into electrical lines, trash and “franeleros,” people who control public parking spaces for a tip.^[7]

Landmarks

Monumento a la Revolucion

Major landmarks include the Monumento a la Revolucion, Frontón México, the Museo Nacional de San Carlos (former Palace of the Counts of Buenavista) and the headquarters of the National Lottery.^[8] The Monumento a la Revolución or Monument to the Revolution, is located on Plaza Revolución, which is the second largest plaza in Mexico City after the Zócalo.^[2] The avenue that passes by the Monumento a la Revolucion had been called Avendida del Calvario, Avenida Del Ejido and Prolongacion de Avenida Juarez before receiving its current name of Avenida de la Republica.^[1] The monument is essentially a cupola of what was supposed to be a building for the country's legislature.^[3] The building was commission by Porfirio Díaz to be the “legislative palace” as part of the Centennial celebrations of 1910. The contractor was Emile Bernard, but only the cupola was finished when the Mexican Revolution broke out. Eighteen years later, Mexican Carlos Obregon converted the forgotten fragment into the Monumento a la Revolucion.^[9] Today, the Monument acts as a mausoleum and museum to that time period. It holds the remains of some of the principal protagonists of the Mexican Revolution including those of Francisco I. Madero, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco Villa, Plutarco Elías Calles and Lázaro Cárdenas.^[3]

The Museum of the Revolution was created here in 1986. It is located in the foundation of the building, and has received about 250,000 visitors each year. The collection includes photographs, flags, arms, documents, recreation of rooms and other spaces and utilitarian and decorative items from the time period.^[10] In 2010, the Monument and its museum were closed for renovations and expansion for the November 2010 celebration of the Centennial of the Mexican Revolution. The budget for the project was 240 million pesos which included reparations to the building, expansion of the museum space to 3,650 m2 and the creation of an underground parking garage.^[11][9] An elevator to take visitors up to the cupola was also installed. Originally, the museum only covered the years of the Mexican Revolution but now it covers the period from the Constitution of 1857 to 1940, the end of the Lázaro Cárdenas administration.^[9] The remodeling is the first revision of the museum since it opened in 1986. Some of the new acquisitions include a flag from the Constitutionalist or Venustiano Carranza army of 1914. One change is that the museum now shows the carnage of the epoch as well as the glory. The Revolution was responsible for over a million deaths.^[10]

The Museo Nacional de San Carlos or National Museum of San Carlos was created to hold the very large art collection of the Academy of San Carlos in the historic center. This art collection began with plaster casts of original Greek, Roman and European works to be used as teaching aids at the school. Later, other works from the 16th to 19th centuries from Europe were added. When the collection outgrew the gallery space at the Academy, the collection was divided, with some going to the Museo Universitario de la Academia, some to the Museum of San Carlos and some remaining in the original location.^[12][13]

The museum is house in the former country home of the Counts of Buenavista, having been built by Josefa Rodriguez Pinillos y Gomez, Countess de la Carlos for her minor son who held the Buenavista title. This house was occupied by a number of notable people in the 19th century including the Count of Regla, General Rincón Gallardo, General Aquiles Bazaine and Antonio López de Santa Anna. The last two occupied it during the French Intervention in Mexico.^[1]

Later it was occupied by the Tabacalera Mexicana Company, a tobacco company, with workers living around it. This factory would give the colonia its name. In the 1940s, the National Lottery occupied it in part and held drawings here, before moving to its current location at Rosales Street and Avendia Del Ejido. The building was than a preparatory school.^[1] In 1986, it was converted into the current museum, which exhibits European art from the 14th to 20th centuries.^[4] It also holds temporary exhibits such as the collection of works by Francisco de Zurbarán, a contemporary of Diego Velázquez.^[14]

One of the first skyscrapers in Mexico City, the El Moro Building, was built here to accommodate the National Lottery. It is 107 meters height. It is still considered one of the safest buildings in the city as it was built over reinforcement against earthquakes. The building was inaugurated in 1945.^[3] The origins of Mexico's national lottery back to the early colonial period when viceroy Marques de Croix instituted one based on European lotteries of the era. It was instituted as the “Real Lotería General de Nueva España” in 1770 with the earnings going towards various charities such as the Hospicio de Pobres home for the poor.^[15]

The Frontón (jai alai) Mexico building is Art Deco from 1929. It was home to the city's only jai alai courts. Due to economic pressures, the building tried to diversify to include artistic and cultural events in 1992 but by the end of the decade it had closed.^[16][17] For fourteen years, the building was abandoned until it was reopened for the Centennial of the Mexican Revolution in 2010. For the reopening, three million USD was invested to renovate the building and its jai alai courts. Spectator boxes, a restaurant-bar and a cafeteria were also added. Plans for further development of the property include a sky bar on the roof, a casino, small hotel and a pool to open in phases in 2011.^[17]

Near the Museum is a hotel zone with a plaza in the center. This zone catered to foreign and business travelers for over thirty years in the mid 20th century as it was near the train station and various busses.^[3] Today, the area has deteriorated and most of these same hotels now exist as “hoteles de paso” for short stays, often with prostitutes.^[4] The plaza in the center is called the Juan Antonio Mella Plaza and contains a bust of Ernesto “Che” Guevara, commemorating the time that the Cuban revolutionary stayed in the area.^[4][3] This plaza is also deteriorated and filled with homeless, drug addicts, garbage and weeds.^[2]

History

From the early colonial period, this area was outside of Mexico City, filled with farms and haciendas, near Lake Texcoco.^[8] Later, much of the area belonged to the Counts of Buenavista, whose country home still exists on Puente de Alvarado Street as the Museum of San Carlos.^[1] The modern colonia was founded with a mixture of mansions and apartment complexes to be similar to neighboring Santa Maria Ribera and San Rafael.^[2]

On 4a Calle de la Paz, today Ezequiel Montes, was one of the first raids against homosexuals in the city in 1901, which detained 41 men. One of these was the son-in-law of then President Porfirio Diaz, but his case was dismissed. This event has associated the number 41 with homosexuality in Mexico, which has caused it not to be used in police and military designations to this day.^[4]

From the 1930s to the 1950s, the colonia took on a Bohemian reputation as writers and artists such as Juan Rulfo, Ricardo Bell, Nellie Campobello and Pablo Neruda lived here and the area was filled with traditional Mexican cantinas. It was also home to Cuban exiles such as Julio Antonio Mella and Fidel Castro.^[4][8] Argentine revolutionary Ernesto “Che” Guevara also lived here as an exile, working at the Hospital General in nearby Colonia Doctores.^[18][4] On 49 José de Amparán Street in apartment “C”, the home of Cuban exile Maria Antonia Gonzalez, in July of 1955, Fidel Castro met Che Guervara. This began their collaboration which culminated in the Cuban Revolution.^[3][4]

At the same time, major construction projects changed the neighborhood which would lead to its decline.^[2] Paseo de la Reforma was expanded, eliminating smaller streets. The equestrian statue of Carlos IV was moved from the colonia to the Palacio de Mineria in the historic center. The La Rosa streetcar from the 1920s, which ran on Avenida de las Artes (today Antonio Caso) ceased to operate as well. A number of buildings that faced Paseo de la Reforma also disappeared.^[1] Many residential areas were replaced with buildings such as the Procuraduria General de la Republica and the headquarters of a number of unions. Soon after homeless and prostitutes appeared.^[2]

The colonia celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1999 with parades and parties including a parade of antique cars from the 1930s to the 1960s and an art fair. There were also conferences and other academic events on the area's history.^[8]

In 2008, the city approved a zoning change that now allows for skyscrapers of up to 20 floors to be built in the colonia.^[19]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} "Colonia Tabacalera" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Cuauhtemoc. http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/delegacion/mapa/colonias.html. Retrieved October 26, 2010. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Arturo Paramo (November 21, 2008). "La Tabacalera,una centuria de deterioro [Tabacalera, a century of deterioration]" (in Spanish). Excelsior (Mexico City): p. 4. http://www.inehrm.gob.mx/pdf/exc_img_asicomenzo.pdf. Retrieved October 26, 2010. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} "Turismo cultural en el DF con el INAH [Cultural Tourism in the Distrito Federal with INAH]" (in Spanish). Mexico: Terra newspapers. June 5, 2008. http://www.terra.com.mx/Turismo/articulo/675769/Turismo+cultural+en+el+DF+con+el+INAH.htm. Retrieved October 26, 2010. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Ivett Rangel (May 1, 2009). "Historias de bohemia [Bohemian stories]" (in Spanish). Reforma (Mexico City): p. 8. 
5. ^ "Escuelas en Tabacalera, Cuauhtemoc, Distrito Federal [Schools in Tabacalera, Cuauhtemox, Federal District]" (in Spanish). Mexico: EduPortal. http://eduportal.com.mx/escuelas/en/distrito-federal/cuauhtemoc/tabacalera. Retrieved October 26, 2010. 
6. ^ Mirna Servin Vega (July 28, 2007). "En la delegación Cuauhtémoc, siete de las 10 colonias más conflictivas del DF [In the Cuauhtémoc borough, seven of the 10 most conflictive colonias in the Distrito Federal]" (in Spanish). La Jornada (Mexico City). http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/07/28/index.php?section=capital&article=035n1cap. Retrieved October 26, 2010. 
7. ^ Johana Robles (January 5, 2006). "Ambulantes se apropian de calles por Día de Reyes [Street vendors appropriate streets for Epiphany]" (in Spanish). El Universal (Mexico City): p. 5. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d} "La colonia Tabacalera festeja su centenario [Colonia Tabacalera celebrates its centennial]" (in Spanish). El Universal (Mexico City). November 6, 1999. http://www2.eluniversal.com.mx/pls/impreso/noticia.html?id_nota=1967&tabla=cultura. Retrieved October 26, 2010. 
9. ^ ^{a b c} Jorge Ricardo (April 5, 2010). "Hacen 'justicia' a museo [Doing “justice” to the museum]" (in Spanish). Mural (Guadalajara, Mexico): p. 5. 
10. ^ ^{a b} Dora Luz Haw (November 22, 2000). "Remodelan el Museo de la Revolucion [Remodel the Museum of the Revolution]" (in Spanish). Reforma (Mexico City): p. 5. 
11. ^ Alberto Acosta (January 18, 2010). "Prohíben circular por Monumento [Culture plays at the Fronton Mexico]" (in Spanish). Reforma (Mexico City): p. 13. 
12. ^ "Nacional Museum of San Carlos". http://mexicocity.ciudadmexico.com.mx/attractions/san_carlos.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-29. 
13. ^ "Academia San Carlos, Mexico City". http://www.plastercastcollection.org/en/database.php?d=lire&id=109. Retrieved 2009-03-30. 
14. ^ Marcela Garcia Machuca (August 29, 1999). "Poliedro / Escriben la historia del arte [Polyhedral/Writing the story of art]" (in Spanish). Palabra (Saltillo, Mexico): p. 6. 
15. ^ "Historia [History]" (in Spanish). Mexico: Government of Mexico. April 6, 2010. http://www.loterianacional.gob.mx/loteria/loterianacional/historia.jsp. Retrieved October 26, 2010. 
16. ^ Leticia Sanchez (May 6, 1996). "Jugara la cultura en el Fronton Mexico [Culture plays at the Fronton Mexico]" (in Spanish). Reforma (Mexico City): p. 13. 
17. ^ ^{a b} Monica Archundia; Johana Robles (April 09, 2010). "Frontón México “renace” para fiesta de Centenario [Fronton Mexico is “reborn” for the Centennial celebration]" (in Spanish). El Universal (Mexico City). http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciudad/101120.html. Retrieved October 26, 2010. 
18. ^ Daniel Millan (October 9, 2000). "Recuerdan al 'Che' [Remembering Che]" (in Spanish). El Norte (Monterrey, Mexico): p. 2. 
19. ^ Rene Cruz Gonzalez (August 22, 2008). "Autorizan edificios de 20 pisos en la colonia Tabacalera; en Pantaco habrá complejos habitacionales [20 story buildings authorized in Colonia Tabacalera; in Pantacao there will be apartment buildings]" (in Spanish). El Universal (Mexico City). http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=380265. Retrieved October 26, 2010. 

Coordinates: 19°26′10.18″N 99°9′14.45″W / 19.4361611°N 99.1540139°W / 19.4361611; -99.1540139