Epilobium angustifolium

"Rosebay" redirects here. For the evergreen shrub of the same name, see Oleander.

"Fireweed" redirects here. For other uses, see Fireweed (disambiguation).

Rosebay Willowherb or Fireweed
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
(unranked):	Eudicots
Order:	Myrtales
Family:	Onagraceae
Genus:	Epilobium
Species:	E. angustifolium
Binomial name
Epilobium angustifolium L.
Synonyms
Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub

Epilobium angustifolium, commonly known as Fireweed (mainly in North America), Great Willow-herb (Canada),^[1] or Rosebay Willowherb (mainly in Britain), is a perennial herbaceous plant in the willowherb family Onagraceae. It is native throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere, including large parts of the boreal forests.

Some botanists place this species in the genus Chamerion (sometimes, incorrectly, given as Chamaenerion) rather than Epilobium based on several morphological distinctions: spiral (rather than opposite or whorled) leaf arrangement; absence (rather than presence) of a hypanthium; subequal stamens (rather than stamens in two unequal whorls); zygomorphic (rather than actinomorphic) stamens and stigma. Under this taxonomic arrangement, Chamerion and Epilobium are monophyletic sister genera.^[2]

Two subspecies are recognized as valid:

• Epilobium angustifolium ssp. angustifolium
• Epilobium angustifolium ssp. circumvagum

Etymology

The species name angustifolium is a portmanteau of the Latin words angusti meaning 'narrow', and folium meaning 'leaf'. It shares this name with other species of plant including Vaccinium angustifolium.

Description

This herb is often abundant in wet calcareous to slightly acidic soils in open fields, pastures, and particularly burned-over lands; the name Fireweed derives from the species' abundance as a coloniser on burnt sites after forest fires. Its tendency to quickly colonize open areas with little competition, such as sites of forest fires and forest clearings, makes it a clear example of a pioneer species. Plants grow and flower as long as there is open space and plenty of light, as trees and brush grow larger the plants die out, but the seeds remain viable in the soil seed bank for many years, when a new fire or other disturbance occurs that opens up the ground to light again the seeds germinate. Some areas with heavy seed counts in the soil, after burning, can be covered with pure dense stands of this species and when in flower the landscape is turned into fields of color.

In Britain the plant was considered a rare species in the 18th century,^[3] and one confined to a few locations with damp, gravelly soils. It was mis-identified as Great Hairy Willowherb in contemporary floras. The plant's rise from local rarity to widespread weed seems to have occurred at the same time as the expansion of the railway network, and the associated soil disturbance. The plant became locally known as bombweed due to its rapid colonization of bomb craters in the second world war.^[3]

Fireweed (drawing)

The reddish stems of this herbaceous perennial are usually simple, erect, smooth, 0.5–2.5 m (1½–8 feet) high with scattered alternate leaves. The leaves are entire, lanceolate, and pinnately veined. A relative species, Dwarf Fireweed (Epilobium latifolium), grows to 0.3–0.6 m tall.

The radially symmetrical flowers have four magenta to pink petals, 2 to 3 cm in diameter. The styles have four stigmas, which occur in symmetrical terminal racemes.

The reddish-brown linear seed capsule splits from the apex. It bears many minute brown seeds, about 300 to 400 per capsule and 80,000 per plant. The seeds have silky hairs to aid wind dispersal and are very easily spread by the wind, often becoming a weed and a dominant species on disturbed ground. Once established, the plants also spread extensively by underground roots, an individual plant eventually forming a large patch.

The leaves of fireweed are unique in that the leaf veins are circular and do not terminate on the edges of the leaf, but form circular loops and join together inside the outer leaf margins. This feature makes the plants very easy to identify in all stages of growth. When fireweed first emerges in early spring, it can closely resemble several highly toxic members of the lily family, however, it is easily identified by its unique leaf vein structure.

Uses

The young shoots were often collected in the spring by Native American people and mixed with other greens. They are best when young and tender; as the plant matures the leaves become tough and somewhat bitter. The southeast Native Americans use the stems in the stage. They are peeled and eaten raw. When properly prepared soon after picking they are a good source of vitamin C and pro-vitamin A. The Dena'ina add fireweed to their dogs' food. Fireweed is also a medicine of the Upper Inlet Dena'ina, who treat pus-filled boils or cuts by placing a piece of the raw stem on the afflicted area. This is said to draw the pus out of the cut or boil and prevents a cut with pus in it from healing over too quickly.

A flowering fireweed plant

The root can be roasted after scraping off the outside, but often tastes bitter. To mitigate this, the root is collected before the plant flowers and the brown thread in the middle removed.

In Alaska, candies, syrups, jellies, and even ice cream are made from fireweed. Monofloral honey made primarily from fireweed nectar has a distinctive, spiced flavor.

In Russia, its leaves were often used as tea substitute and were even exported, known in Western Europe as Kapor tea. Fireweed leaves can undergo fermentation, much like real tea. Today, Kapor tea is still occasionally consumed though not commercially important.

In habitat restoration

Because fireweed can colonize disturbed sites, even following an old oil spill, it is often used to reestablish vegetation. It grows in (and is native to) a variety of temperate to arctic ecosystems. Although it is also grown as an ornamental plant, some may find it too aggressive in that context.^[4]

Depictions in human culture

Fireweed is the floral emblem of Yukon.

Rosebay Willowherb was voted the County flower of London in 2002 following a poll by the wild plant conservation charity Plantlife.^[5]

Due to its pioneering properties rosebay willowherb was used by Terry Pratchett in his fictional Discworld novel Sourcery as the nearest comparative Roundworld flower to Sapient pearwood.^[6]

Gallery

• 

  Seed capsule in Alpine Lakes Wilderness

• 

  Flower detail in Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest

• 
• 

  Stand of fireweed on recently burned location.

• 

  Fireweed near roadway in Alaska

• 

  Oslo

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  On the Klondike Highway in British Columbia

• 

  Fireweed seen from a helicopter: Interior Alaska

References

1. ^ ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto:McClelland and Stewart Ltd., 2004.
2. ^ W. L. Wagner, P. C. Hoch, and P. H. Raven, 2007. Revised classification of the Onagraceae. Systematic Botany Monographs 83: 1-243.
3. ^ ^{a b} Flora Britannica, Richard Mabey, ISBN 978-1856193771
4. ^ "Species: Chamerion angustifolium". Fire Effects Information System. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/chaang/all.html. 
5. ^ Plantlife website County Flowers page
6. ^ Pratchett, Terry: Sourcery, page 65. Corgi, 1988

External links

Media related to Fireweed at Wikimedia Commons

• BONAP gives Epilobium angustifolium L.
• ITIS gives Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium (L.) Holub Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1
• Edibility of fireweed: Visual identification and edible parts of fireweed.