Onagraceae

Onagraceae
Dwarf Fireweed (Epilobium latifolium)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Myrtales
Family:	Onagraceae Juss.
Type genus
Oenothera L.
Subfamilies
Ludwigioideae Onagroideae
Synonyms
Circaeaceae Bercht. & J.Presl Epilobiaceae Vent. Jussiaeaceae Martinov Oenotheraceae C.C.Robin[1]

Onagraceae, also known as the Willowherb family or Evening Primrose family, are a family of flowering plants. The family includes about 640-650 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees in 20-24 genera. The family is widespread, on every continent from boreal to tropical regions.

The family includes a number of popular garden plants, including evening primroses (Oenothera) and fuchsias (Fuchsia). Some, particularly the willowherbs (Epilobium) are common weeds in gardens, e.g. Fireweed.

The family is characterised by flowers with usually four sepals and petals; in some genera (e.g. Fuchsia), the sepals are as brightly coloured as the petals, giving the impression of a flower with eight petals.

Evening Primrose (Oenothera) wildflower in Saskatchewan

The seeds are very small, in some genera (e.g. Epilobium) with a tuft of down and wind-dispersed, in others (e.g. Fuchsia), in a juicy berry and dispersed by birds. The leaves are commonly opposite or whorled, but are spirally arranged in some species; in most, they are simple and lanceolate in shape. The pollen grains in many genera are loosely held together by viscin threads, meaning that only bees that are morphologically specialized to gather this pollen can effectively pollinate the flowers (it cannot be held effectively in a typical bee scopa). Accordingly, nearly all of the bees that visit onagraceous flowers are floral specialists (oligoleges).

Blue Eyes Fuchsia flower and buds

Oenothera deltoides subsp. howellii

The family is named after the genus Onagra (now known as Oenothera) in 1836 by J. Lindley in the second edition of Nat. Syst. Bot.

Genera

Subfamily Ludwigioideae

• Ludwigia L.^[2]

Subfamily Onagroideae

Tribe Circaeeae Circaea L. Fuchsia L.[3] Tribe Epilobieae Chamerion Raf. ex Holub Epilobium L.[4] Tribe Gongylocarpeae Gongylocarpus Schltdl. & Cham.[5] Tribe Hauyeae Hauya DC.[6] Tribe Lopezieae Lopezia Cav. Megacorax Elizondo et al.[7] Tribe Onagreae

Camissonia Link Camissoniopsis W.L.Wagner & Hoch Chylismia (Torr. & A.Gray) Raim. Chylismiella (Munz) W.L.Wagner & Hoch Clarkia Pursh Eremothera (P.H.Raven) W.L.Wagner & Hoch Eucharidium Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Eulobus Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray Gayophytum A.Juss. Gaura L. Neoholmgrenia W.L.Wagner & Hoch Oenothera L. Stenosiphon Spach Taraxia (Torr. & A.Gray) Raim. Tetrapteron (Munz) W.L. Wagner & Hoch Xylonagra Donn.Sm. & Rose[8]

References

1. ^ "Family: Onagraceae Juss., nom. cons.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-04-12. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?789. Retrieved 2010-10-29. 
2. ^ "GRIN Genera of Onagraceae subfam. Ludwigioideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1913. Retrieved 2010-10-29. 
3. ^ "GRIN Genera of Onagraceae tribe Circaeeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1916. Retrieved 2010-10-29. 
4. ^ "GRIN Genera of Onagraceae tribe Epilobieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1919. Retrieved 2010-10-29. 
5. ^ "GRIN Genera of Onagraceae tribe Gongylocarpeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1918. Retrieved 2010-10-29. 
6. ^ "GRIN Genera of Onagraceae tribe Hauyeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1914. Retrieved 2010-10-29. 
7. ^ "GRIN Genera of Onagraceae tribe Lopezieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1917. Retrieved 2010-10-29. 
8. ^ "GRIN Genera of Onagraceae tribe Onagreae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1920. Retrieved 2010-10-29. 

• Smithsonian Institution: Onagraceae classification
• Ford, V.S. & Gottlieb, L.D. (2007). Tribal relationships within Onagraceae inferred from PgiC sequences. Systematic Botany 32(2):348-356.