Auld Alliance

Foreign alliances of France

Abbasid–Carolingian alliance 9th c. Franco-Scottish alliance 1295–1560 Franco-Polish alliance 1524–1526 Franco-Hungarian alliance 16th c. Franco-Ottoman alliance 16–19th c. Franco-Prussian Alliance 17-18th c. Anglo-French Alliance 1716–1731 Franco-Austrian Alliance 18th c. American Indians 18th c. Franco-Indian alliances 18th c. Franco-American alliance 18th c. Vietnamese alliance 18th–19th c. Franco-Persian alliance 1807–1809 Franco-Russian Alliance 1892–1917 Entente cordiale 1904–present Franco-Polish alliance 1921–1940 Franco-Soviet Treaty 1936-1939 NATO 1949–present Regional relations France-Asia relations France-Americas relations France-Africa relations

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Scotland Portal v · Scots) (French: Vieille Alliance) was an alliance between the kingdoms of Scotland and France. It played a significant role in the relations between Scotland, France and England from its beginning in 1295 until the 1560 Treaty of Edinburgh. The alliance was renewed by all the French and Scottish monarchs of that period except for Louis XI.[1] By the late 14th century, the renewal occurred regardless of whether either kingdom was involved in a conflict with England.[2] The alliance dates from the treaty signed by John Balliol and Philip IV of France in 1295 against Edward I of England. The terms of the treaty stipulated that if either country was attacked by England, the other country would invade English territory, as became evident at the Battle of Flodden Field, 1513. The alliance played an important role in conflicts between both countries and England, such as the Wars of Scottish Independence, the Hundred Years' War, the War of the League of Cambrai and the Rough Wooing. History Although during the Middle Ages various assertions were made that the Franco-Scottish relationship began in the reign of Charlemagne, the Auld Alliance is normally dated to 1295. However, historians such as J. D. Mackie have dated it to 1173, when embassies between William I of Scotland and Louis VII of France supported a rebellion against the English king Henry II.[3] Elizabeth Bonner has also referred to talks of "informal cooperation" between the two countries at this time.[2] An example of this was the invasion of England in 1215 led by Alexander II in support of Robert FitzWalter and the Dauphin Louis, during the First Barons' War. In 1326, Robert the Bruce renewed the alliance, with the Treaty of Corbeil. During the 14th and 15th centuries, the treaty was invoked six times. Between 1331 and 1356, Edward III of England defeated the kings of both countries. Bonner believes that the alliance meant that he did not succeed in subjugating them.[2] In 1336, at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, king Philip VI of France provided military support for David II, who fled to France after being deposed by Edward III of England. In 1346, under the terms of the Auld Alliance, Scotland invaded England in the interests of France. However, they were defeated, and David II was taken prisoner at the Battle of Neville's Cross. The alliance was renewed between the two kingdoms in 1371, with the embassy of the Bishop of Glasgow and the Lord of Galloway to France. The treaty was signed by Charles V at the Château de Vincennes on 30 June, and at Edinburgh Castle by Robert II on 28 October.[4] French and Scottish forces together won against the English at the Battle of Baugé in 1421. As it marked the turning point of the Hundred Years War, the significance of this battle was great. However, their victory was a short-lived one: at Verneuil in 1424, the Scots army was defeated. Despite this defeat, the Scots had given France a valuable breathing space, effectively saving the country from English domination. In addition, in 1429 Scots came to the aid of Joan of Arc in her famous relief of Orléans. Scottish soldiers also served in the Garde Écossaise, the loyal bodyguard of the French monarchy. Many Scottish mercenaries chose to settle in France. Some were granted lands and titles in France. [1] In the 15th and 16th centuries, they became naturalised French subjects.[1] In 1558 the alliance between the two kingdoms was further strengthened by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to the future Francis II of France. However, in 1560, after more than 250 years, formal treaties between Scotland and France were officially ended by the Treaty of Edinburgh. With the height of the Scottish Reformation, Scotland was declared Protestant, and allied itself with Protestant England instead. 200 Scottish soldiers were sent to Normandy in 1562 to aid the French Huguenots in their struggle against royal authority during the French Wars of Religion. Wider influence Although principally a military and diplomatic agreement, the alliance also extended into the lives of the Scottish population in a number of ways: including architecture, law, the Scots language and cuisine, due in part to Scottish soldiery within the French army. Part of the influence on law was due to Scots often going to French universities, something which continued up until the Napoleonic Wars.[5] Other intellectual influences from France continued into the 18th century as well.[6] Examples of architectural influence include two Scottish castles built with French castle-building in mind: Bothwell and Kildrummy[7] At the height of the alliance, French was widely spoken in Scotland and French still has an influence on the Scots language. Despite all these exchanges of culture, the leading Scottish historian, J.B. Black, said of the alliance: "The Scot['s...] love for their 'auld' ally had never been a positive sentiment nourished by community of culture, but an artificially created affection based on the negative basis of hatred of England, and merely for the benefits brought by the philosophical theory that "the enemy of my enemy is my friend"."[8] After the Scottish Reformation Certain provisions of the earlier treaty remained in force. In particular, under French law all Scots were still French citizens, until that right was revoked (but not retroactively) by the French government in 1906. [9] The Garde Écossaise, however, continued until 1830 when Charles X of France abdicated. Legacy "La plus vieille alliance du monde" In a speech which he delivered in Edinburgh in June 1942, Charles de Gaulle described the alliance between Scotland and France as "the oldest alliance in the world". He also declared that:[10] In every combat where for five centuries the destiny of France was at stake, there were always men of Scotland to fight side by side with men of France, and what Frenchmen feel is that no people has ever been more generous than yours with its friendship. In 1995, celebrations were held in both countries for the 700th anniversary of the beginning of the alliance.[2] In 2011 the acknowledged British historian Dr Siobhan Talbott published the result of her diligent research on this matter and concluded accordingly that the Auld Alliance is actually unrevoked after all. [11] See also Acts of Union 1707 Anglo-Portuguese alliance Duke of Aubigny Duke of Lennox Entente cordiale (British-French agreement 1904) Foreign alliances of France France in the American Revolutionary War Jacobitism List of treaties References Notes ^ a b c "Cjo - Abstract - French Naturalization Of The Scots In The Fifteenth And Sixteenth Centuries". Journals.cambridge.org. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=5218&jid=HIS&volumeId=40&issueId=04&aid=5217. Retrieved 2010-03-06.  ^ a b c d Bonner, Elizabeth (2002). "Scotland's `Auld Alliance' with France, 1295-1560". History 84 (273): 5–30. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119066797/PDFSTART.  ^ Mackie, J. D. (1947). "Henry VIII and Scotland". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 29: 93–114. JSTOR 3678551.  ^ Michel, vol i, pp71-72 ^ http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/revjurnsold15&div=7&g_sent=1&collection=journals ^ (page 2). Ingentaconnect.com. 2006-06-16. doi:10.1080/00033798700200171. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/tasc/1987/00000044/00000002/art00003. Retrieved 2010-03-06.  ^ http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_059/59_165_193.pdf ^ The Reign of Elizabeth 1558-1603, J. B. Black, Oxford, 1936, at p.34 ^ "Franco-Scottish alliance against England one of longest in history". The University of Manchester. 12 August 2011. http://netstaff.cmsstage.manchester.ac.uk/news/display/?id=7313. Retrieved 8 October 2011.  ^ de Gaulle, Charles (1960). Mémoires de guerre: L'appel, 1940-1942. Université de l'État de Pennsylvanie: Plon.  ^ "In a paper to be published next year, Dr Siobhan Talbott argues the Franco-Scottish Auld Alliance of 1295 survived centuries of enmity and war between Britain and France – even after the Act of Union was signed in 1707". http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/?id=7313. Retrieved 2011-11-14.  Sources Michel, F.X., Les Écossais en France, les Français en Écosse II vols. London 1862. (in French) [1] [2] Further reading An Antidote to the English: The Auld Alliance, 1295-1560 by Norman Macdougall, ISBN 1862321450 External links Royal document listing payments to many of the Scottish contingents Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Игры ⚽ Нужно решить контрольную? Bear Shooters Postrhinal cortex Look at other dictionaries: Auld Alliance — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Auld. Alliances françaises Alliance abbasido carolingienne   …   Wikipédia en Français Auld Alliance — Die Auld Alliance (schottisch für „Altes Bündnis“) war ein Bündnis zwischen Schottland und Frankreich. Es dürfte wohl bis 1165 auf Wilhelm I. den Löwen zurückreichen; das erste schriftliche Zeugnis ist allerdings erst der Vertrag, der am 23.… …   Deutsch Wikipedia Auld Alliance — Batalla de Neville s Cross. La Auld Alliance (en francés, Vieille Alliance), también conocida como la Alianza antigua, se refiere a una serie de tratados, de naturaleza ofensiva y defensiva, entre Escocia y Francia, dirigido específicamente… …   Wikipedia Español Alliance franco-écossaise — Auld Alliance Le terme de « Vieille Alliance », Auld Alliance en scots, désigne une alliance entre la France, l’Écosse et la Norvège qui tire son origine dans la saga des jarls des Orcades (« Orkneyinga saga ») et de… …   Wikipédia en Français Auld — Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. Patronyme Auld est un nom de famille notamment porté par : (ordre alphabétique) Alex Auld (1981 ), joueur canadien de hockey sur glace ; Andy… …   Wikipédia en Français Vieille Alliance — Auld Alliance Le terme de « Vieille Alliance », Auld Alliance en scots, désigne une alliance entre la France, l’Écosse et la Norvège qui tire son origine dans la saga des jarls des Orcades (« Orkneyinga saga ») et de… …   Wikipédia en Français Military alliance — A military alliance is an agreement between two, or more, military factions; related to wartime planning, commitments, or contingencies; such agreements can be both defensive and offensive. Military alliances often involve non military agreements …   Wikipedia Anglo-Portuguese Alliance — The Anglo Portuguese Alliance between England (succeeded by the United Kingdom) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world which is still in force. It was signed in 1373.This alliance, which goes back to the Middle Ages, has served both… …   Wikipedia Culture de l'Écosse — Statue du poète Robert Burns à Dumfries. La culture de l Écosse forme une synthèse des différentes cultures, celtes, pictes et anglaises principalement, ayant baigné le pays. Les reliefs naturels, délimitant géographiquement les Highlands,… …   Wikipédia en Français Culture ecossaise — Culture de l Écosse Statue du poète Robert Burns à Dumfries. La culture de l Écosse forme une synthèse des différentes cultures, celtes, pictes et anglaises principalement, ayant baigné le pays. Les reliefs naturels, délimitant géographiquement… …   Wikipédia en Français 18+ © Academic, 2000-2024 Contact us: Technical Support, Advertising Dictionaries export, created on PHP, Joomla, Drupal, WordPress, MODx. Mark and share Search through all dictionaries Translate… Search Internet Share the article and excerpts Direct link … Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”