Koronas-Foton

Koronas-Foton

Operator	RKA/MEPhI/NIIEM
Bus	Meteor-M
Mission type	Solar science
Launch date	30 January 2009 13:30 GMT
Carrier rocket	Tsyklon-3
Launch site	LC-32, Plesetsk
Mission duration	10 months
Mass	1,900 kilograms
Orbital elements
Regime	LEO
Inclination	82.5°
Apoapsis	500 kilometres
Periapsis	500 kilometres

Koronas-Foton (Russian: Коронас-Фотон), also known as CORONAS-Photon (Complex Orbital Observations Near-Earth of Activity of the Sun)^[1], was a Russian Solar research satellite. It is the third satellite in the Russian Coronas programme, and part of the international Living With a Star programme.^[2] It was launched on 30 January 2009, from Site 32/2 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, aboard the final flight of the Tsyklon-3 rocket. On 1 December 2009 all scientific instruments on the satellite were turned off due to the problems with power supply that were caused by a design flaw^[3][4]. On 18 April 2010 the creators of the satellite announced it was lost "with a good deal of certainty"^[5][6].

Overview

The goal is to investigate the processes of free energy accumulation in the sun's atmosphere, accelerated particle phenomena and solar flares, and the correlation between solar activity and magnetic storms on Earth.^[7] Launch occurred successfully on 30 January 2009, and the first batch of science data was downloaded from the satellite on 19 February 2009.^[8] The satellite operates in a 500 x 500 km x 82.5° polar low Earth orbit^[1] and was expected to have a operational lifetime of three years. It developed power system problems during the first eclipse season, about six months after launch, and contact with the satellite was lost on 1 December 2009.^[9] The satellite returned to life on December 29, after its solar panels received enough light to power its control systems,^[10] but attempts to revive the satellite failed, and the satellite is considered lost.^[9][11]

On 5 July 2009, Koronas-Foton's TESIS telescope registered the most powerful solar outburst of the year so far, lasting 11 minutes, from 06:07 to 06:18 GMT. Solar X-ray pick intensity reached С2.7 in a 5-level scale used to classify solar flares. The last equally powerful outburst occurred in 25 March 2008.^[12]

Development

Koronas-Foton is a successor to the Koronas-F and Koronas-I satellites, launched in 1994 and 2001 respectively. It is being operated by the Russian Federal Space Agency, the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute and the Research Institute for Electromechanics.^[2] It was built using a bus constructed for Meteor-M weather satellites,^[1].

Koronas-Foton also carries three Indian Roentgen Telescope or RT instruments: RT-2/S, RT-2/G, and RT-2/CZT. These will be used to conduct photometric and spectrometric research into the Sun, and for low-energy gamma-ray imagery. These instruments will be operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), and were constructed by a collaboration of the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Indian Centre for Space Physics.^[13]

Instruments

The satellite’s scientific payload includes an array of 12 instruments.^[8] Eight instruments were designed for registering electromagnetic radiation from the Sun in a wide range of spectrum from near electromagnetic waves to gamma-radiation, as well as solar neutrons. Two instruments were designed to detect charged particles such as protons and electrons.^[8]

Scientific instruments

1. Natalya-2M spectrometer MIFI, Moscow, Russia
2. RT-2 gamma-telescope TIFR/ICSP/VSSC ^[14], India.
3. Pingvin-M (Penguin) polarimeter MIFI, Moscow, Russia
4. Konus-RF x-ray and gamma spectrometer Ioffe Institute, Russia
5. BRM x-ray detector MIFI, Russia
6. FOKA UV-detector MIFI, Russia
7. TESIS telescope/spectrometer FIAN, Russia, with SphinX soft X-ray spectrophotometer, SRC PAS, Poland
8. Electron-M-Peska charged particles analyser NIIYaF MGU, Russia
9. STEP-F Electron and proton detector Kharkov National University, Ukraine
10. SM-8M magnetometer NPP Geologorazvedka/MIFI, Russia

Service systems

1. SSRNI science data collection and registration system IKI, Russia
2. Radio transmission system and antennas RNII KP, Russia

See also

• 2009 in spaceflight
• Koronas-I
• Koronas-F

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Krebs, Gunter. "Koronas-Foton (Coronas Photon)". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/koronas-foton.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-15. 
2. ^ ^{a b} ""CORONAS-PHOTON" Project". Astrophysics Institute. Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. Archived from the original on 2008-05-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20080530112140/http://www.astro.mephi.ru/english/e_photon.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-15. 
3. ^ "Спутник «Коронас-Фотон» не работает из-за проблем с питанием [Coronas-Foton satellite doesn't work due to the problems with the power supply]" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 2009-12-11. http://www.rian.ru/science/20091211/198635487.html. 
4. ^ ""Коронас-Фотон" сломался из-за переоценки ресурса аккумуляторов [Coronas-Foton broke down because battery resource was underestimated]" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 2010-01-11. http://www.rian.ru/science/20100111/203883494.html. 
5. ^ КОРОНАС-ФОТОН, по-видимому, умер [Coronas-Foton is apparently dead] (in Russian). Official press release of the Laboratory of X-Ray Astronomy of the Sun of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
6. ^ "Солнце не смогло оживить научный спутник «Коронас-Фотон» [The Sun couldn't revive the Coronas-Foton scientific satellite]" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 2010-04-19. http://www.rian.ru/science/20100418/223944222.html. 
7. ^ Russia makes first space launch of 2009 RIA Novosti 2009-01-30
8. ^ ^{a b c} Koronas-Foton Russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-01
9. ^ ^{a b} http://www.sat-index.co.uk/failures/koronas.html
10. ^ http://rt.com/Sci_Tech/2009-12-29/solar-observer-still-kicking.html
11. ^ Koronas-Foton solar science satellite lost, source tells Russian news agency, 18 January 2010
12. ^ "CORONAS-PHOTON Registered the Most Powerful Solar Outburst of the Year". Roscosmos. 2009-07-06. http://www.federalspace.ru/NewsDoSele.asp?NEWSID=6669. Retrieved 2009-07-25. ^{[dead link]}
13. ^ "RT-2 Experiment onboard CORONAS PHOTON MISSION". Indian Centre for Space Physics. http://csp.res.in/rt2-main.html. Retrieved 2009-01-25. 
14. ^ Space Sciences www.isro.org Retrieved on 2009-02-03.