- Otto Meißner
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Otto Meißner (13 March 1880, Bischwiller, Alsace – 27 May 1953, Munich) was head of the Office of the President of Germany during the entire period of the Weimar Republic under Friedrich Ebert and Paul von Hindenburg and, finally, at the beginning of the Nazi era under Adolf Hitler.
Contents
Life
The son of a postal official, Meißner studied law in Strasbourg from 1898 to 1903, where he also became a member of the Straßburg Student Youth Fraternity (Burschenschaft) Germania. Later he also studied in Berlin and earned his Doctor of Laws in 1908, at the age of 28, in Erlangen, Bavaria. Afterwards, he became a bureaucrat for the national railroad, the Reichsbahn, in Strasbourg. Between 1915 and 1917 he participated in the First World War in an infantry regiment. Up to 1919 he was more active behind the front, first in Bucharest, Romania, then in Kiev, and finally as a German business agent for the Ukrainian government.
Thanks to his good contacts, in 1919 Meißner became "Acting Advisor in the Bureau of the President" (who at that time was the social democrat Friedrich Ebert), and by 1920 rose to the position of "Ministerial Director and Head of the Bureau of the President." Ebert named Meißner to the post of State Secretary in 1923. He continued in that post under Eberts successor Paul von Hindenburg.
When Hitler fused the functions of Head of State (here, the President) and the Head of Government (the Chancellery) in 1934, Meißner's office was renamed the "Presidential Chancellery" and restricted in its responsibilities to representative and formal matters. In 1937, Meißner was appointed to the newly-created position of "State Minister of the Rank of a Federal Minister and Chief of the Presidential Chancellery of the Führer and Chancellor."
After the Second World War, Meißner was arrested by the Allies and interrogated as a witness in the Nuremberg Trials. In July 1947, he appeared as a character witness for the accused former State Secretary Franz Schlegelberger. In 1949, he was finally prosecuted himself in the Wilhelmstraße Trial, but the court acquitted him on 14 April. Two years later, in May 1949, he was accused again, in Munich, and adjudged a fellow traveler. His appeal was turned down, but the proceedings called to a halt in January, 1952.
In 1950, Meißner published a memoir covering his unusual bureaucrat's career in a book entitled State Secretary under Ebert, Hindenburg and Hitler.
Meißner's Role in History
Meißner, who lived with his family in the Palace of the German President between 1929 and 1939, undoubtedly enjoyed major influence upon the Presidents, especially Hindenburg. Together with Kurt von Schleicher and a few others, Meißner, in the years 1929 and 1930, furthered the dissolution of the parliamentary system by means of a civil presidential cabinet.
His role in the appointment of Hitler to Chancellor in December 1932-January 1933 remains a controversy among historians. As member of the "camarilla," Meißner was certainly no small influence as State Secretary, due to his close relations with President Paul von Hindenburg. Together with Oskar von Hindenburg and Franz von Papen, Meißner organized the negotiations with Hitler to depose von Schleicher and appoint Hitler to the post of Chancellor. For the Nazis' part, the talks were facilitated through Wilhelm Keppler, Joachim von Ribbentrop and the banker Kurt Freiherr von Schröder, a former officer and head of the old-guard conservative "Herrenklub" (Gentlemen's club) in Berlin, in which von Papen was also active. Neither Hitler nor Hindenburg, as of the end of 1932, would have initiated contact to one another, so great was their mutual distaste for each other.
Meißner submitted his resignation in 1933, but was turned down, whereupon he assumed responsibility primarily for delegational duties. In 1937, the Nazi regime raised him to the rank of Federal Minister, with the title, "Chief of the Presidential Chancellery of the Führer and the Chancellor". But politically, his influence in the Hitler regime was distinctly minor.
List of works
- "Die Reichsverfassung. Das neue Reichstaatsrecht für den Praktischen Gebrauch", Berlin, 1919
- "Das neue Staatsrecht des Reichs und seiner Länder", Berlin, 1921
- "Grundriß der Verfassung und Verwaltung des Reichs und Preußens nebst Verzeichnis der Behörden und ihres Aufgabenkreises", Berlin, 1922
- "Staatsrecht des Reichs und seiner Länder", Berlin, 1923
- "Staats- und Verwaltungsrecht im Dritten Reich", Berlin, 1935
- "Deutsches Elsaß, deutsches Lothringen. Ein Querschnitt aus Geschichte, Volkstum und Kultur", Berlin, 1941
- "Elsaß und Lothringen, Deutsches Land, Verlkagsanstalt Otto Stollberg", (324 s.), Berlin, 1941.
- "Staatssekretär unter Ebert, Hindenburg, Hitler. Der Schicksalsweg des deutschen Volkes von 1918 – 1945. Wie ich ihn erlebte", Hamburg, 1951
References
- Karl Dietrich Bracher, Die Auflösung der Weimarer Republik. Eine Studie zum Problem des Machtverfalls in der Demokratie, ISBN 3-7610-7216-3
- Heinrich August Winkler, Weimar. 1918-1933. Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie, ISBN 3-4064-4037-1
Members of Hitler's cabinet - Franz von Papen (ind)
- Hermann Göring
- Konstantin von Neurath
- Joachim von Ribbentrop
- Martin Bormann
- Joseph Goebbels
- Wilhelm Frick
- Rudolf Hess
- Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (ind)
- Alfred Hugenberg (DNVP)
- Kurt Schmitt
- Hjalmar Schacht (ind)
- Walther Funk
- Franz Seldte
- Franz Gürtner (DNVP)
- Franz Schlegelberger
- Otto Georg Thierack
- Werner von Blomberg (ind)
- Wilhelm Keitel (ind)
- Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach (ind)
- Julius Dorpmüller
- Wilhelm Ohnesorge
- Richard Walther Darré
- Herbert Backe
- Bernhard Rust
- Fritz Todt
- Albert Speer
- Alfred Rosenberg
- Hanns Kerrl
- Hermann Muhs
- Otto Meißner (ind)
- Hans Lammers
- Karl Hermann Frank
- Ernst Röhm
All personnel were or became NSDAP members except where indicated ("ind" = nominally independent) Categories:- 1880 births
- 1953 deaths
- People from Bischwiller
- People of the Weimar Republic
- People of Nazi Germany
- German military personnel of World War I
- Nazi Germany ministers
- People indicted for war crimes
- Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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