Ernst Röhm

Infobox Person
name = Ernst Röhm


image_size = 150px
caption =
birth_date = November 28, 1887
birth_place = Munich
death_date = July 2, 1934 age|1887|11|28|1934|7|2
death_place = Stadelheim Prison, Munich
education =
occupation =Chief of Staff, Sturmabteilung (SA)
title =
spouse =
parents = Julius Röhm and Emilie Röhm
children =
nationality = German
website =

Ernst Julius Röhm, (Munich November 28, 1887 – july 2, 1934) was a German military officer and later the commander and co-founder of the Nazi Sturmabteilung, also known as the SA.

Early career

Röhm's parents, Julius and Emilie (née Baltheiser) Röhm, had three children. Ernst Röhm was a native of Munich and was serving as an Oberleutnant (1st lieutenant) with the 13th Infantry Regiment of the Bavarian Army at the start of World War I. In September 1914 in Lorraine, France he was severely wounded in the face and carried the scars for the rest of his life. He was later promoted to Hauptmann, or captain.

When the war ended in 1918 Röhm joined the Freikorps, one of many private militias formed in Munich to combat communist insurrection. In 1920 he became a member of the National Socialist German Workers Party (the "Nazi" party) and helped organize the Sturmabteilung (SA). After the failed Munich Beer Hall Putsch in 1923 Röhm was dishonorably discharged from the Reichswehr and spent fifteen months in prison, where he strengthened his friendship with Adolf Hitler.

After Röhm was released in 1924 he worked with Hitler to rebuild the Nazi party, but differences arose between them. In April 1924 Röhm helped to create the Frontbann as a legal alternative to the then-outlawed SA. He then served in the Reichstag as a member of the renamed National Socialist Freedom Party before resigning in 1925. Röhm then went to Bolivia and served as a military adviser.

A

In 1930 Hitler personally assumed command of the SA as its new Oberster SA-Führer and sent a personal request to Röhm, asking that he return to Germany to serve as the SA's chief of staff. Röhm accepted this offer in 1931, bringing radical new ideas to the SA and staffing its senior leadership with several of his close friends. In 1931, the Munich Post, a newspaper affiliated with the German Social Democrats (SPD) obtained and published Röhm's letters to a friend in which Röhm discussed his affairs with men. This resulted in a scandal that was covered in the national media. The Nazi Party claimed that the letters were forged. The more or less open homosexuality of Röhmcitation |title=The Hidden Hitler |first=Lothar |last=Machtan |authorlink=Lothar Machtan |year=2002 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=0465043097 |page=107] and other SA leaders (such as Edmund Heines) [* Scot Lively en Kevin Abrams, [http://www.leaderu.com/jhs/lively.html Excerpt from"The Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Party", Founders Publishing Company, 1995] , door Kevin Lively t.b.v. "Cultre Wars", 1996 ] along with the stormtroopers' penchant for heavy drinking and street violence added to the SA's notorious reputation in Germany.Fact|date=November 2007 The SA was a political army, protecting the party leadership and terrorizing (primarily communist) opponents such as the Red Front. The SA's street-wise use of intimidation contributed to the rise of the Nazis, first in Munich and later throughout Germany.

Many writers have suggested Röhm and his deputy Edmund Heines allowed or encouraged the promotion of many individuals into SA leadership as a result of liaisons with both themselves and other powerful SA figures (for example, Karl Ernst had been a bouncer at a gay nightclub) in spite of anti-gay Nazi policies which included the strengthening of Paragraph 175 (criminalising homosexual acts) of the German Criminal Code of 1871.

By this time, Röhm and Hitler were so close that they addressed each other as "du", the German familiar form of "you." The only other members of the party who called Hitler "du" were Göring and Goebbels. Röhm was the only member of the party who addressed Hitler as "Adolf," rather than "my Führer."

econd revolution

Röhm became one of the most prominent members of the party's "socialist" faction. This group truly believed in the "socialism" carried in the party's full name, insisting on the nationalization of large firms, profit sharing for employees and cuts in interest rates. This was bitter anathema to the business community, which had supported Hitler's rise to power. Röhm spoke of a "second revolution" and vowed to act against "reactionaries" (a label the Nazis had long applied to their enemies on the political right) much as the Nazis had dealt with the communists whilst consolidating power earlier that year.

Hitler swiftly reassured the German business community that there would be no "second revolution," which opened a breach between him and the SA. Many storm troopers were anti-capitalist members of the working class and viewed their street fighting on behalf of the Nazis as a socialist revolution. Hitler thought of the storm troopers as a political weapon no longer needed after the Nazis had taken control of the German government. Röhm however continued to believe the SA was Hitler's "revolutionary" army and showed contempt for the Prussian military leadership. Hitler had gained power with the army's support, and knew that the top army leaders cared little for Röhm. He was keenly aware his control of the German government depended on the army's continued backing. Moreover Hitler could only succeed the ailing 86-year-old Paul von Hindenburg as president and commander-in-chief if he had the army's support.

In 1934 it became clear Hindenburg was close to death and many factions in Germany positioned their favorite candidates as von Hindenburg's successor. According to William Shirer, a group of conservatives which included many influential individuals in the armed forces sought the return from exile of Crown Prince Wilhelm (son of Kaiser Wilhelm II), either as president or head of a re-established German monarchy. Meanwhile Germany's military leadership was incensed by Röhm's February 1934 proposal that the Reichswehr (German army) be merged with the SA to form a true "people's army," in which the former SA would be dominant. The army viewed the SA as a brawling mob of undisciplined street fighters and tales of homosexuality along with "corrupt morals" were rampant in the military. The officer corps unanimously rejected Röhm's proposal, insisting German military honor and discipline would vanish if Röhm's brawling storm troopers gained control of the armed forces. Fest, Joachi , Hitler (1974) pp.454-55.

On April 11 Hitler met with German military leaders on board the pocket battleship "Deutschland" while reviewing spring maneuvers in East Prussia. Along with defense minister Werner von Blomberg Hitler met with army commander-in-chief Werner von Fritsch and admiral Erich Raeder, who led the navy. Hitler informed them of Hindenburg's declining health and proposed the Reichswehr support Hitler as the next president. In exchange Hitler offered to reduce the SA, suppress Röhm's ambitions and guarantee the Reichswehr would become Germany's only military force. Shirer asserts Hitler also seduced military leaders with further promises to expand both the army and navy.

Meanwhile the conservative industrialists who had supported Hitler's rise to the chancellorship in 1933 were uneasy with the very public socialist leanings of both Röhm and the Strasser brothers. The conservatives and the officer corps repeatedly expressed their anti-SA opinions directly to president von Hindenburg, with whom they were closely allied both politically and socially. In early June 1934, von Hindenburg, through Blomberg, issued an ultimatum to Hitler--unless political tension in Germany ended, the ailing Hindenburg would likely declare martial law. Hitler was shocked to hear this from Blomberg, who up to that point had displayed a near lackey-like attitude around him. However, when Hitler went to see the president himself, von Hindenburg confirmed the ultimatum. Knowing such a step could forever deprive him of power, Hitler decided to carry through on his pact with the Reichswehr to suppress the SA and end its plans for a "second revolution", leading to a showdown with Röhm. In Hitler's view the army and the SA constituted the only remaining still independent power factors whose self-assurance had not been shattered.

Death

Although determined to curb the power of the SA, Hitler put off doing away with his long-time comrade Ernst Röhm to the very end. Himmler, Heydrich and Göring used Röhm's published anti-Hitler rhetoric to assert the SA was plotting to overthrow Hitler. [Fest, Joachim Hitler (1974) pp. 457-60] . The SA was purged during the "Night of the Long Knives" in June 1934. Hitler arranged to arrest Röhm personally at a resort in Bad Wiessee. [Id. pp. 463-64] [on June 30] Fact|date=October 2007

Röhm was briefly held without trial at Stadelheim Prison in Munich in cell 70. Hitler was uneasy authorizing his execution and as a last act of compassion, ensured he had an opportunity to commit suicide first. Fest, Hitler (1974), p. 467. On July 2 he was visited by SS-Brigadeführer Theodor Eicke (then Kommandant of Dachau) and SS-Hauptsturmführer Michael Lippert, who laid a pistol on Röhm's table and told him he had ten minutes to use it. When Röhm refused to commit suicide, Lippert shot Röhm at point-blank range. Röhm was standing in the middle of the cell, his shirt histrionically opened showing his chest. The purge of the SA was legalized the next day by a decree in the "Law Regarding Measures of State Self-Defense". John Toland noted that Hitler, while disapproving, had long been privately aware Röhm was homosexual but Nazi propaganda accounts of the purge made use of Röhm's sexual orientation as a justification of his execution. Ernst Röhm was buried in the Westfriedhof (Western Cemetery) in Munich.

References in popular culture

* Röhm is portrayed in the 2003 film "" by Peter Stormare.
* Röhm is cited in the song "The Last Day of June 1934" by Al Stewart, from the album "Past, Present and Future", (1973).
* Röhm is a major character in Michael Moorcock's novel, "The Vengeance of Rome".
* Röhm is also represented in Bertolt Brecht's "The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui" as Ernesto Roma
* Röhm's relationship with Adolf Hitler was one of the main theme's of Japanese author Yukio Mishima's play "My Friend Hitler".
* Röhm is called "Ernestina Röhm" by one of the characters, who claims to having seen him enter a nightclub "with a bevy of boys on his arm" in the Gay Sweatshop play "As Time Goes By" (1977) by Noël Greig and Drew Griffiths.
* Röhm is portrayed by Michael Elphick in the 1985 British TV movie "".

ee also

* Nazi Germany
* History of Germany
* Allegations about Rudolf Hess

References

* "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich" - William L. Shirer (1960) Simon & Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0671728695 (1990 30th Anniversary edition)