Ushak carpet

An antique Uşak carpet of a pale red and green tone

Uşak carpets, Ushak carpets or Oushak Carpets (Turkish: Uşak Kilimi) are Turkish carpets that use a particular family of designs, called by convention after the city of Uşak, Turkey – one of the larger towns in Western Anatolia, which was a major center of rug production from the early days of the Ottoman Empire, into the early 20th century (although these patterns were woven in other regions also).^[1]

Classification

Historically Oushaks were classified as ‘Anatolian Rugs,’ Anatolian literally translating to ‘land of the rising sun.’ Today scholars know much more about Oushaks and are able to classify them as such. ‘Anatolian’ is used as a last resource when a more specific identification cannot be found; at which point ‘Anatolian’ refers to a carpet made in Turkey.1

The level of international popularity attained by Uşak's carpets became such that the word "Ushak" is considered an English word of Turkic origin ^[2]

Classification in the European Market

In the European markets, the earlier types of Turkish carpets, before the "star" type, are now often called "Lotto carpets" and "Holbein carpets". The terms make reference to their depiction in minute detail in paintings by Lorenzo Lotto and Hans Holbein the Younger, in which they are often placed in a way to brighten the background, and suggest status.^[3] The region of Uşak still remains a vibrant center of hand-made carpet weaving today.

A star Ushak design at the feet of the Doge in the 1534 Return of the Doge's Ring by Paris Bordone.

History of Market Popularity

After the 17th century, Ushaks (Oushaks), development of Oushak rug weaving is less well known. Late 17th century saw a decline in the Oriental rug market as European consumers tended to purchase rugs of European origin – primarily Aubusson, Savonnerie and Axminster. The wane in the European market meant that Oushak production declined. Those that were still made throughout the late 18th and early 19th centuries were manufactured for upper class people in the Turkish territories on Eastern Europe.2

Towards the end of the 19th century, when the European market began to be interested in Persian carpets once again, the Ushak (Oushak) population did not have enough weavers still skilled in the traditional Oushak craft. Manufactories had to turn to neighboring villages and their craftsmen who still maintained traditional techniques.3

Ushak carpets, particularly those known as Lotto carpets, are among the later types of Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting, as they were imported by Europeans, where they adorned cathedrals, churches, and the homes of the wealthy and powerful.^[4]

Design

Antique Oushak Carpet

Ushak (Oushak) rugs are some of the finest Oriental Rugs, so much so that many of the masterpieces of the 15th and 16th centuries have been attributed to Oushak. The popular star and medallion carpets originated in Oushak.4

Oushak rugs are known for the silky, luminous wool they work with. The dyes tend towards: cinnamons, terracotta tints, gold, blues, greens, ivory, saffron and grays.5

The late 19th century saw the rejuvenation of Oriental rug production, at this time Oushak re-surfaced as a preeminent center of weaving industry. The new Oushak industry saw two major shifts in design: floral patterns in the Persian tradition were incorporated in to design and room size, decorative carpets were woven as European standards demanded.6

The late 19th century weavers came from villages outside of Oushak and employed tribal techniques. Paramount to these techniques was the use of larger knots (sometimes less than 30 knots per square inch) and an all-wool foundation.7 The tribal style fused with the older Ushak/Smyra designs. The merger of the two styles created a new style simply known as late 19th/early 20th century Oushak carpets.8 The new decorative Oushak, commercially woven, employed a soft red, as its primary color offsetting the large-scale floral motifs from the field in a bright blue.^[5] The luxurious quality of the wool (for which Oushaks had always been known) aided the colors luminosity.

Istanbul Mosques and Ushak Carpets

Ushak Turkish carpet

Approximately 40 years ago anthropologists did a study on the carpets of the larger mosques of Istanbul (such as the Sultan Ahmet Mosque). What they found was that the floors were covered with literally hundreds of carpets (sometimes several deep) almost exclusively from the Oushak region.10

Notes

1. ^ King & Sylvester, 70 and 73
2. ^ Merriam-Webster Unabridged - Ushak A heavy woolen oriental rug tied in Ghiordes knots and characterized by bright primary colors and an elaborate medallion pattern.
3. ^ Other types of rugs were also named after examples seen in paintings, such as Crivelli rugs. See King & Sylvester throughout
4. ^ King & Sylvester, 70-75
5. ^ 9

References

1. ^ King & Sylvester, 70 and 73
2. ^ Merriam-Webster Unabridged - Ushak A heavy woolen oriental rug tied in Ghiordes knots and characterized by bright primary colors and an elaborate medallion pattern.
3. ^ Other types of rugs were also named after examples seen in paintings, such as Crivelli rugs. See King & Sylvester throughout
4. ^ King & Sylvester, 70-75
5. ^ 9

• Campbell, Gordon. The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts, Volume 1, "Carpet, S 2; History(pp. 187–193), Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 0-19-518948-5, 9780195189483 Google books
• King, Donald and Sylvester, David eds. The Eastern Carpet in the Western World, From the 15th to the 17th century, Arts Council of Great Britain, London, 1983, ISBN 0-7287-0362-9
• 3,6,7,10 Eiland, Murray L. Oriental Rugs.Boston: New York Graphic Society, 1976. ISBN 978-0-8212-0643-0
• 1 Neff, Ivan C. and Carol V. Maggs. Dictionary of Oriental Rugs. London: AD. Donker LTD, 1977. ISBN 978-0-949937-35-3