Order of Australia

Order of Australia
Insignia of an Officer of the Order of Australia
Awarded by the Queen of Australia
Type	National order
Eligibility	All living Australians
Awarded for	Achievement and merit in service to Australia or humanity.
Status	Currently constituted
Sovereign	Elizabeth II
Chancellor	Quentin Bryce
Grades (w/ post-nominals)	Knight/Dame (AK/AD) Companion (AC) Officer (AO) Member (AM) Medal (OAM) Awarded in General or Military Division, or as an Honorary award.
Statistics
Established	14 February 1975
First induction	21 April 1975
Total inductees	(General & Military Divisions) AD - 2 AK - 12 AC - 396 AO - 2,168 AM - 7,749 OAM - 17,610[1]

The Order of Australia is an order of chivalry established on 14 February 1975 by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia, "for the purpose of according recognition to Australian citizens and other persons for achievement or for meritorious service". Before the establishment of the Order, Australian citizens received only British honours.

The Order is divided into general and military divisions, with the following grades in descending order of seniority:

• Knight or Dame of the Order of Australia (AK or AD, no new appointments allowed since 1986);^[2]
• Companion of the Order of Australia (AC);
• Officer of the Order of Australia (AO);
• Member of the Order of Australia (AM); and
• Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM).^[3]

History

The Order was established on 14 February 1975 by letters patent of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia, and countersigned by the then Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. The original Order had only three grades: Companion (AC), Officer (AO), and Member (AM).

On 24 May 1976, the further categories of Knight (AK), Dame (AD), and Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) were established by the Queen on the advice of Whitlam's successor, Malcolm Fraser.

Following his 1983 election, Prime Minister Bob Hawke abolished the Knight and Dame categories. On 3 March 1986, the Queen co-signed letters patent revoking the category of Knight or Dame. Existing Knights and Dames were not affected by this change.

The Queen of Australia is Sovereign Head of the Order^[4] while the Governor-General is Principal Companion and Chancellor of the Order. The Governor-General's Official Secretary is Secretary of the Order.

The Order of Australia is modelled closely upon the Order of Canada. However, when compared with the Order of Canada, the Order of Australia has been awarded rather more liberally, especially in regard to honorary awards to foreigners. To date, only 18 non-Canadians have been appointed to the Order of Canada, while more than 275 non-Australians have been appointed to the Order of Australia, with more than 30 to the "Companion" grade.

Appointment

The Order consists of four grades and a medal, in both general and military divisions. Knight/Damehood of the Order was made in the general division only.

While State Governors can present the Officer, Member and Medal of the Order of Australia to their respective state's residents, only the Queen of Australia or Governor-General can present the Companion grade of the order.^[5]

The different grades of the Order are awarded according to the recipients' levels of achievement:

Companion

Main article: List of Companions of the Order of Australia

General Division - 'Eminent achievement and merit of the highest degree in service to Australia or to humanity at large'.
Military Division - ' Eminent service in duties of great responsibility'.
Excluding honorary appointments, no more than 25 Companions are appointed in any calendar year.

Officer

General Division - 'Distinguished service of a high degree to Australia or to humanity at large'.
Military Division - 'Distinguished service in responsible positions'.
The quota is set at 100 Officers appointed in any calendar year.

Member

General Division - 'Service in a particular locality or field of activity or to a particular group'.
Military Division - 'Exceptional service or performance of duty'.
The quota is set at 225 Members appointed in any calendar year.

Medal of the Order of Australia

General Division - 'Service worthy of particular recognition'.
Military Division - 'Meritorious service or performance of duty'.
There are no quota limits on awards of the Medal of the Order.

Any person may nominate any Australian citizen for an award. The nominations are reviewed by the Council for the Order of Australia,^[6] and then approved by the Governor-General. The Order is awarded twice annually: on Australia Day, and on the Queen's Birthday public holiday in June, when public announcements are made about new awards.

People who are not Australian citizens may be awarded honorary membership of the Order at either the Companion, Officer or Member level. All awards of the Medal of the Order are substantive, regardless of the citizenship of the recipient.

Appointments to the Order are not made posthumously; however, if a nominee dies after accepting an appointment but before the relevant announcement date, the appointment still stands and it is announced as having effect from no later than the date of the nominee's death.

Insignia

General Division ribbon

Military Division ribbon

The badge of the Order of Australia is a convex disc (gold for AKs, ADs and ACs, gilt for AOs, AMs and OAMs) representing the Golden Wattle flower. At the centre is a ring, representing the sea, with the word 'Australia' below two branches of golden wattle. The whole disc is topped by the Royal crown of St Edward. The AC badge is decorated with citrines, blue enamelled ring, and enamelled crown. The AO badge is similar, without the citrines. For the AM badge only the crown is enamelled, and the OAM badge is plain.

The star for knights and dames is a convex golden disc decorated with citrines, with a blue royally crowned inner disc bearing an image of the Coat of arms of Australia.

The ribbon of the Order is blue with a central stripe of golden wattle flower designs; that of the military division has additional golden edge stripes. Male ACs and AOs wear their badges on a necklet; male AMs and OAMs wear them on a ribbon on the left chest. Women usually wear their badges on a bow on the left shoulder, although they may wear the same insignia as males, if so desired.

A gold lapel pin for daily wear is issued with each badge of the Order at the time of investiture; AC lapel pins feature a citrine central jewel, AO and AM lapel pins have a blue enamelled centre, and OAM lapel pins are plain.

The Order's insignia were designed by Stuart Devlin.

Royal members of the Order

• HM Queen Elizabeth II of Australia: Sovereign Head of the Order
• HRH The Duke of Edinburgh: Companion (AC)
• HRH The Prince of Wales: Knight (AK)

Officials of the Order

• Sovereign Head of the Order: Elizabeth II (Queen of Australia)
• Chancellor and Principal Companion: Quentin Bryce AC (Governor-General of Australia)
• Secretary: Stephen Brady (Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia)

Knights and Dames

The category of Knight (AK) or Dame (AD) of the order was created by Letters Patent issued by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia on 24 May 1976 on advice from the Fraser Liberal-National government, and was discontinued by her on 3 March 1986 on advice from the Hawke Labor government (the Australian Labor Party does not support the awarding of titles)^{[citation needed]}. Existing knights and dames were not affected by the removal of the category from the Letters Patent. During this period, twelve knights and two dames were created, of whom nine of the knights and both of the dames are now deceased.

This is a complete list of the knights and dames of the Order of Australia. It is shown in order of appointment; living knights are shown in bold:

Name	Known for	Date of appointment	Date of death
Sir John Kerr AK GCMG GCVO	Governor-General 1974-77	24 May 1976[7]	24 March 1991
Sir Robert Menzies KT AK CH QC	Prime Minister 1939-41, 1949-66	7 June 1976	15 May 1978
Sir Colin Syme AK[8]	Industrialist	6 June 1977	1986
Sir Zelman Cowen AK GCMG GCVO QC	Governor-General 1977-82	8 December 1977[9]		living (age 92)
Sir MacFarlane Burnet OM AK KBE	Immunologist, Nobel laureate	26 January 1978	31 August 1985
Dame Alexandra Hasluck AD	Historian	6 June 1978	18 June 1993
Dame Enid Lyons AD GBE	Politician	26 January 1980	2 September 1981
HRH The Prince of Wales KG KT GCB AK many others	Royalty, Heir apparent	14 March 1981		living (age 63)
Sir Roden Cutler VC AK KCMG KCVO CBE	Soldier, Governor of New South Wales 1966-81	7 April 1981	22 February 2002
Sir Garfield Barwick AK GCMG	Chief Justice of Australia 1964-81	8 June 1981	14 July 1997
Sir Charles Court AK KCMG OBE	Premier of Western Australia 1974-82	14 June 1982	22 December 2007
Sir Ninian Stephen KG AK GCMG GCVO KBE QC	High Court Judge, Governor-General 1982-89	29 July 1982[10]		living (age 88)
Sir Roy Wright AK	Physiologist	26 January 1983	28 February 1990
Sir Gordon Jackson AK	Industrialist	13 June 1983	1 June 1991

The Order of Australia Association

On 26 January 1980 recipients of awards in the Order formed the Order of Australia Association. This organisation seeks to aid the members of the Order in their pursuits related to the development and maintenance of Australia's culture and traditions. The organisation also attempts to increase awareness of those honoured by the Order, since many of their number are not household names, despite their contributions. Branches of the Association can be found in all the states and territories of Australia.

Honorary awards

Awards in the Order of Australia are sometimes made to people who are not citizens of Australia, to honour extraordinary achievements. These achievements, or the people themselves, are not necessarily associated with Australia, although they often are. On 11 July 2010, the Australian Honours website listed appointments for 34 Honorary Companions, 67 Honorary Officers, 86 Honorary Members of the Order of Australia and the award of 88 Honorary Medals of the Order of Australia.^[11] Notable honorary awards include:

• Honorary Companion:
  • Aung San Suu Kyi, Jacques Cousteau, Nelson Mandela, Turgut Özal, Michel Rocard, Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, Mother Teresa, Jørn Utzon, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Rolf Zinkernagel
    • See also: List of Companions of the Order of Australia and Category:Honorary Companions of the Order of Australia
• Honorary Officer:
  • Ali Alatas, Mel Gibson, Maina Gielgud, Hiroyuki Iwaki, Clive Lloyd, US General David Petraeus^[12], Jerzy Toeplitz, Edo de Waart, Malcolm Williamson, Googie Withers and James Wolfensohn
    • Fred Hollows, then a New Zealand citizen, was offered an honorary Officership in 1985, but declined the award. He became an Australian citizen in 1989, and in 1991 was appointed a substantive Companion of the order.
    • Romaldo Giurgola was appointed an honorary Officer in 1989; this became a substantive award in 2000 when he adopted Australian citizenship
    • See also: Category:Honorary Officers of the Order of Australia
• Honorary Member:
  • Harriet Mayor Fulbright, Lord Harewood, Brian Lara and Robyn Williams.
    • Terri Irwin was appointed an Honorary Member in 2006; this became a substantive award when she became an Australian citizen in 2009
    • See also Category:Honorary Members of the Order of Australia

References in popular culture

The award is parodied in the play Amigos, where the central character is determined to be awarded the AC, and uses persuasion, bribery and blackmail in his (ultimately successful) attempts to get himself nominated for the award.^[13]

During the 1996 season of the popular television programme Home and Away, the character Pippa Ross was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia for her years of service as a foster carer.

See also

• Australian campaign medals
• Orders, decorations, and medals of Australia
• Australian Honours Order of Precedence
• Australian knights and dames
  • Living Australian knights and dames
• Commonwealth realms orders and decorations
• Order of Canada
• New Zealand Order of Merit

Recipient categories

• Category:Dames of the Order of Australia
• Category:Knights of the Order of Australia
• Category:Companions of the Order of Australia
  • Category:Honorary Companions of the Order of Australia
• Category:Officers of the Order of Australia
  • Category:Honorary Officers of the Order of Australia
• Category:Members of the Order of Australia
  • Category:Honorary Members of the Order of Australia
• Category:Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
  • Category:Honorary Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
• Category:Australian dames
• Category:Australian knights

References

1. ^ Award Statistics, www.itsanhonour.gov.au.
   Note that although the referenced web page says: "Total number of awards presented as at 30th of June 2010", the numbers quoted for the Companion of the Order of Australia are as at Queen's Birthday 2011, and do not include Honorary awards. See List of Companions of the Order of Australia#Statistics from "It's An Honour"
2. ^ Established 1976, dis-established 1986 without prejudice to pre-existing appointments. The last appointments were made in 1983.
3. ^ Established 1976.
4. ^ History, Order of Australia, www.itsanhonour.gov.au
5. ^ Honours of the Crown, www.monarchist.ca, p.11
6. ^ Council for the Order of Australia, Order of Australia, www.itsanhonour.gov.au
7. ^ Sir John Kerr was the Governor-General and, as Principal Knight of the Order, his knightood took effect immediately the category of Knight was established.
8. ^ Colin Syme had previously been knighted as a Knight Bachelor, which carries no postnominal.
9. ^ The date of Sir Zelman Cowen's appointment as Governor-General.
10. ^ The date of Sir Ninian Stephen's appointment as Governor-General.
11. ^ "Search Australian Honours - Advanced Search". Its an Honour. Awards and Culture Branch, Australian Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. 2010-07-11. http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?show=advanced. Retrieved 2010-07-11.  Separate searches conducted for Knights, Companions, Officers, Members and Medals of the Order.
12. ^ Lisa Millar, Order of Australia for General Petraeus, 4 November 2009, abc.net.au
13. ^ Amigos Reviewer Helen Thomson, 29 June 2004, ArtsReviews - www.theage.com.au

External links

• Australian Honours Secretariat
• Order of Australia including list of the Order, its history and its "Constitution" (statutes).
• Order of Australia Association
• Medals of the World - Australia: The Order of Australia
  • Insignia of the Sovereign, and of Knights and Dames
  • General Division
  • Military Division