Attalea maripa

Attalea maripa
Attalea maripa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
(unranked):	Commelinids
Order:	Arecales
Family:	Arecaceae
Subfamily:	Arecoideae
Tribe:	Cocoseae
Subtribe:	Attaleinae[1]
Genus:	Attalea
Species:	A. maripa
Binomial name
Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart.
Synonyms
Palma maripa Aubl. Attalea cryptanthera Wess.Boer Attalea macropetala (Burret) Wess.Boer Attalea regia (Mart.) Wess.Boer Englerophoenix caribaeum (Griseb. & H.Wendl.) Kuntze Englerophoenix longirostrata (Barb.Rodr.) Barb.Rodr. Englerophoenix maripa (Aubl.) Kuntze Englerophoenix regia (Mart.) Kuntze Ethnora maripa (Mart.) O.F.Cook Maximiliana caribaea Griseb. & H.Wendl. in A.H.R.Grisebach Maximiliana elegans H.Karst. Maximiliana longirostrata Barb.Rodr. Maximiliana macrogyne Burret Maximiliana macropetala Burret Maximiliana maripa (Aubl.) Drude in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. Maximiliana martiana H.Karst. Maximiliana regia Mart. Maximiliana stenocarpa Burret Maximiliana tetrasticha Drude in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. Scheelea maripa (Aubl.) H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem Scheelea tetrasticha (Drude) Burret Temenia regia (Mart.) O.F.Cook[2]

Attalea maripa is a palm native to tropical South America and Trinidad and Tobago. This plant has a yellow edible fruit which is oblong ovoid and cream. It grows up 35 m (115 ft) tall and can have leaves or fronds 10–12 m (33–39 ft) long and has a large inflorescence which is interfoliar.

Description

Attalea maripa is a large palm that grows from 3.5–20 m (11–66 ft) tall. Stems range from 20–33 cm (8–13 in) in diameter, occasionally reaching up to 100 cm (40 in). Trees have 10 to 22 leaves with long petioles.^[3] Fruit are large and brown^[3] or yellow, 5–6.5 cm (2–2.6 in)^[4] with 2 or 3 seeds which are 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in) long and 2.5–3 cm (1–1.2 in) in diameter^[3] They are borne in infructescences which can contain several hundred to over 2000 fruit.^[4]

Taxonomy

The species was first described by French botanist Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet in 1775 in his Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Francoise as Palma maripa. German botanist Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius transferred it to the genus Attalea in 1844. Hermann Wendland moved it to the genus Scheelea in 1878, while Carl Georg Oscar Drude moved it to Maximum ride. Otto Kuntze moved it to the genus Englerophoenix in 1891.^[2] Orator F. Cook placed it in its own genus in 1940, which he named Ethnora in recognition of Aublet's as a pioneer of the anti-slavery movement.^[5] Recent work has favoured maintaining all Attaleinae in a single genus, Attalea.^[6]

Common names

Common names of Attalea maripa
Common name	Usage
Anajá	Brazil[3]
American oil palm[citation needed]	?
Cocorite	Trinidad and Tobago[7]
Cucurito	Venezuela[3]
Cusi	Bolivia[3]
Gaibamo (fruit	Huaroni (Ecuador)[8]
Gaibawe (adult)	Huaroni[8]
Güichire	Colombia[3]
Inaja	Brazil[9]
Inajai	Brazil[3]
Inayo	Ecuador[3]
Inayuga	Peru[3]
Kukarit	Guyana[3]
Maripa	French Guiana, Suriname[3]
Namba (juvenile plant)	Huaroni[8]
Wencayapa (juvenile plant)	Huaroni[8]
Rikre	Kakapó (Brazil)[10]

Distribution

Attalea maripa ranges from Trinidad and Tobago in the north to Bolivia in the south. It is present in Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil.^[2] It is found in lowland forests and disturbed areas, on soils that are not usually flooded.^[3]

Ecology

The fruit of A. maripa are consumed by a variety of mammals. On Maracá Island, Roraima, in the Brazilian Amazon, fruit were consumed by tapirs, collared peccaries, deer and primates. Rodents, including agoutis, fed upon the fruit and, as the fruit availability declined, they fed on the seeds. They also cached seeds for later consumption. Most species consume the pulp and spit out intact seeds within a short distance of the parent tree. Tapirs swallow the entire fruit and defaecate intact seeds further away from parent trees. Most of the seeds that were not removed from the vicinity of the parent trees were killed by larvae of the Bruchid beetle Pachymerus cardo. Beetle larvae killed 77% of seeds that were not dispersed away from the parent trees, but less than 1% of seeds that were dispersed to tapir latrines.^[4]

In Trinidad, A. maripa is a characteristic species in the savannas that develop when forests are converted to grasslands through repeated fires. British forester J. S. Beard termed these savannas "Cocorite Savannas" (after the local name for A. maripa).^[7]

Uses

Carbonised Attalea maripa seeds have been found in archaeological sites in Colombia dating back to 9000 BP.^[11] The Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador use the mesocarps for food. They use the petiole and leaf rachis to make blowgun darts and sleeping mats, the petioles for torches, the pinnae for kindling and the stems for firewood.^[8] In addition to using is as a food species, Kayapó of Brazil use the species as a source of salt, and value it because it attracts wildlife.^[10] The leaves are also used for thatching.^[3]

Edible oil can be extracted from the mesocarp and kernel of A. maripa. Oleic acid is the predominant fatty acid in oil extracted from the mesocarp, while lauric acid predominates in the kernel. About half of the fatty acids in the mesocarp oil are saturated and half unsaturated. The tocopherol content of the mesocarp oil was average (in comparison to other edible oils) while the kernel oil was low in tocopherols.^[9]

See also

• List of plants of Amazon Rainforest vegetation of Brazil
• List of palms of the Caribbean

References

1. ^ Dransfield, John; Natalie W. Uhl, Conny B. Asmussen, William J. Baker, Madeline M. Harley, Carl E. Lewis (2005). "A New Phylogenetic Classification of the Palm Family, Arecaceae". Kew Bulletin (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) 60 (4): 559–69. JSTOR 25070242. 
2. ^ ^{a b c} "Attalea maripa". WCSP World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?accepted_id=17815&repSynonym_id=146386&name_id=17815&status=true. Retrieved 2008-09-07. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} Henderson, Andrew; Gloria Galeano; Rodrigo Bernal (1995). Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08537-4. 
4. ^ ^{a b c} Fragoso, Jose M. V. (1997). "Tapir-Generated Seed Shadows: Scale-Dependent Patchiness in the Amazon Rain Forest". Journal of Ecology (British Ecological Society) 85 (4): 519–29. doi:10.2307/2960574. JSTOR 2960574. 
5. ^ Cook, O. F. (1940). "Aublet the botanist, a pioneer against slavery, with a memorial genus of palms". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 30 (7): 294–99. 
6. ^ Govaerts, R.; J. Henderson; S.F. Zona; D.R. Hodel; A. Henderson (2006). "World Checklist of Arecaceae". The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/wcsp/home.do. Retrieved 2007-02-06. 
7. ^ ^{a b} Beard, J. S. (1953). "The Savanna Vegetation of Northern Tropical America". Ecological Monographs (Ecological Society of America) 23 (2): 149–215. doi:10.2307/1948518. JSTOR 1948518. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d e} Macía, Manuel J. (2004). "Multiplicity in palm uses by the Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 144 (2): 149–59. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00248.x. 
9. ^ ^{a b} Bereau, Didier; Bouchra Benjelloun-Mlayah; Michel Delmas (2001). "Maximiliana maripa Drude mesocarp and kernel oils: Fatty acid and total tocopherol compositions". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 78 (2): 213–14. doi:10.1007/s11746-001-0245-8. 
10. ^ ^{a b} Posey, Darrell Addison (1985). "Indigenous management of tropical forest ecosystems: the case of the Kayapó indians of the Brazilian Amazon". Agroforestry Systems 3 (2): 139–58. doi:10.1007/BF00122640. 
11. ^ Morcote-Ríos, Gaspar; Rodrigo Bernal (2001). "Remains of palms (Palmae) at archaeological sites in the New World: A review". Botanical Review 67 (3): 309–50. doi:10.1007/BF02858098. 

11. Schultes, Richard E. (1974). Palms and religion in the northeast Amazon. Principes 18 (1): 3-21. Astrocaryum vulgare, Bactris gasipaes, Euterpe oleracea, E. precatoria, Leopoldinia piassaba, Maximiliana martiana, Oenocarpus bacaba, Socratea esorrhiza

External links

• University of Melbourne: Synonyms of Attalea maripa

Media related to Arecaceae at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Attalea maripa at Wikispecies