Pete Seeger

Infobox musical artist
Name = Pete Seeger

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Img_capt = Seeger at the Clearwater Festival 2007.
Img_size = 250
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Background = solo_singer
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Born = birth date and age|mf=yes|1919|5|3
Greenwich Village, New York City, New York
Died =
Instrument = Banjo, guitar, recorder
Genre = American folk
Occupation = Singer-songwriter, Activist
Years_active = 1940-present
Label =
Associated_acts = The Weavers,The Almanac Singers,Woody Guthrie,Arlo Guthrie
URL =
Notable_instruments =

Peter "Pete" Seeger (born May 3, 1919) is an American folk singer, political activist, and a key figure in the mid-20th century American folk music revival. A fixture on nationwide radio in the 1940s, he also had a string of hit records during the early 50s as a member of The Weavers, most notably the 1950 recording of Leadbelly's "Goodnight, Irene" that topped the charts for 13 weeks in 1950. [ [Wilkinson 2006] , p.44] As a result of an anti-communist blacklist, his career as a mainstream performer was seriously curtailed. In the 1960s, he re-emerged on the public scene as a pioneer of protest music in support of international disarmament and civil rights and, more recently, as a tireless activist for environmental causes.

As a song writer, he is best known as the author or co-author of "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?", "If I Had a Hammer (The Hammer Song)" (composed with Lee Hays of The Weavers), and "Turn, Turn, Turn!", which have been recorded by many artists both in and outside the folk revival movement and are still sung throughout the world. "Flowers" was a hit recording for The Kingston Trio (1962), Marlene Dietrich, who recorded it in English, German and French (1962), and Johnny Rivers (1965). "If I Had a Hammer" was a hit for Peter, Paul & Mary (1962) and Trini Lopez (1963), while The Byrds popularized "Turn, Turn, Turn!" in the mid-1960s. Seeger was one of the folksingers most responsible for popularizing the spiritual "We Shall Overcome" (also recorded by Joan Baez and many other singer-activists) that became the acknowledged anthem of the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement, soon after folk singer and activist Guy Carawan introduced it at the founding meeting of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in 1960.

Banjo and Twelve String Guitar

In 1948, Seeger wrote the first version of his now-classic "How to Play the Five-String Banjo", a book that many banjo players credit with starting them off on the instrument.He went on to invent the "Long Neck" or "Seeger" banjo. This instrument is three frets longer than a typical banjo, and slightly longer than a bass guitar at 25 frets, and is tuned a minor third lower than the normal 5-string banjo. Hitherto strictly limited to the Appalachian region, the five-string banjo became known nationwide as the American folk instrument par excellence, largely thanks to Seeger's championing of and improvements to it. According to an unnamed musician quoted in David King Dunaway, Pete Seeger "gentrified" the banjo, "by nesting a resonant chord between two precise notes, a melody note and a chiming note on the fifth string" [.David King Dunaway, "How Can I Keep From Singing: The Ballad of Pete Seeger" (New York: [Random House, 1981] Villard Books, 2008).]

From the late fifties on Seeger also accompanied himself on the 12-string guitar, an instrument of Mexican origin that had been associated with Lead Belly who had styled himself "the King of the Twelve String Guitar". Seeger's distinctive custom-made guitars had a triangular soundhole. He combined the long scale length (approximately 28") and capo-to-key techniques that he favored on the banjo with a variant of drop-D (DADGBE) tuning, tuned two whole steps down with very heavy strings, which he played with thumb and finger picks. [ [http://www.acousticguitar.com/issues/ag115/gear115.html Acoustic Guitar Central ] ] Seeger's adoption of the twelve-string guitar doubtless inspired other folk performers to follow his example, ensuring its survival and contributing to its popularity in the 1960s and 70s.

Family and personal life

, was married to Pete's other half-sister, singer Penny Seeger.

In 1943 Pete married Toshi-Aline Ohta, whom he credits with being the support that helped make the rest of his life possible. Pete and Toshi have three children, Daniel, Mika and Tinya, and grandchildren Tao, Cassie, Kitama, Moraya, Penny, and Isabelle. Tao is a folk musician in his own right, singing and playing guitar, banjo and harmonica with The Mammals. Kitama Jackson is a documentary filmmaker who was associate producer of the PBS documentary "".

Seeger lives in the hamlet of Dutchess Junction in the Town of Fishkill, NY and remains very active politically, as well as maintaining an active lifestyle in the Hudson Valley Region of New York, especially in the nearby City of Beacon, NY. He and Toshi purchased their land in 1949, and lived there first in a trailer, then in a log cabin they built themselves, and eventually in a larger house. [ [Wilkinson 2006] , p. 47–48.] Seeger joined the Community Church (a church practicing Unitarian Universalism) [Wendy Schuman, [http://www.beliefnet.com/story/198/story_19846_1.html Pete Seeger's session] , Beliefnet. The interview is undated, but he remarks on being married 63 years, so it is in 2006–2007. Accessed online October 16, 2007.] and often performs at functions for the Unitarian Universalist Association. [ [http://archive.uua.org/ga/ga05/1029.html Opening Celebration and Plenary I] of the Unitarian Universalist Association, 2005. Accessed online October 16, 2007.] [There is a mention in of him (along with several other famous Unitarian Universalists) in the lead paragraph of the article [http://www.uua.org/visitors/ourhistory/6186.shtml Unitarian Universalism] on the official site of the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregation. Accessed online October 16, 2007.]

Musical career

Early work

Pete Seeger attended the Avon Old Farms boarding school in Connecticut, during which he was selected to attend Camp Rising Sun, the Louis August Jonas Foundation's international summer scholarship program. Though Pete Seeger's parents were both professional musicians, they didn't press him to play an instrument. On his own, Pete gravitated to the ukulele, becoming adept at entertaining his classmates with it, while laying the basis for his subsequent remarkable audience rapport. Then in 1936, while he traveling with his father (who was at that time a director of Roosevelt's Farm Resettlement program), Pete heard the five-string banjo for the first time at the Mountain Dance and Folk Festival in Asheville, North Carolina, [Dunaway 1990, p. 48-49.] and his life was changed forever. For the next four years, he devoted much of his time to trying to master the instrument.

Seeger enrolled at Harvard College on a partial scholarship, but, as he became increasingly involved with radical politics and folk music, his grades suffered and he lost his scholarship. He dropped out of college in 1938. [According to [Wilkinson 2006] , p. 51, after failing one of his winter exams and losing his scholarship ] He dreamed of a career in journalism and also took courses in art. His first musical gig was leading students in folk singing (still with four-string banjo) at the Dalton School, where his aunt was principal. Then, following a summer stint of touring with The Vagabond Puppeteers, a radical traveling puppet theater inspired by rural education campaigns of post-revolutionary Mexico, [Dunaway, "How Can I Keep From Singing"p. 61-63] he took a job in Washington, D.C. assisting Alan Lomax, a friend of his father's, at the Archive of American Folk Song of the Library of Congress. Seeger's job was to sift through commercial "race" and "hillbilly" music and select recordings that best represented traditional folk music, a project funded by the music division of the Pan American Union (later the Organization of American States), of whose music division his father, Charles Seeger, was head (1938-53). [The resultant "List of American Folk Music on Commercial Recordings", published by the Pan American Union, became the basis of Harry Smith's celebrated "Anthology of American Folk Music" on Folkways Records. Seeger also did similar work for Lomax at Decca in the late forties.] Lomax also encouraged Seeger's folk singing vocation, and Seeger was soon appearing as a regular performer on Alan Lomax and Nicholas Ray's three-times weekly Columbia Broadcasting show "Back Where I Come From" (1940-41) alongside of Josh White, Burl Ives, Lead Belly, and Woody Guthrie (whom he had first met at Will Geer's Grapes of Wrath benefit concert for migrant workers on March 3, 1940). "Back Where I Come From" was unique in having a racially integrated cast, which made news when it performed in March 1941, at a command performance at the White House organized by Eleanor Roosevelt, called "An Evening of Songs for American Soldiers", [ [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,851095,00.html Folk Songs in the White House] , "Time", March 3, 1941. Accessed online 30 September 2008.] before an audience that included the Secretaries of War, Treasury, and the Navy, among other bigwigs. During the war, Seeger also performed on nationwide radio broadcasts by Norman Corwin.

Group recordings

As a self-described "split tenor" (between an alto and a tenor), [ [Wilkinson 2006] , p. 47.] Pete Seeger was a founding member of two highly influential folk groups: The Almanac Singers and The Weavers. The Almanac Singers, which Seeger co-founded in 1941 with Millard Lampell and Arkansas singer and activist Lee Hays, was a topical group, designed to function as a singing newspaper promoting unions, racial and religious inclusion, and other progressive causes. Its personnel included, at various times: Woody Guthrie, Bess Lomax Hawes, Baldwin "Butch" Hawes, Sis Cunningham, Josh White, and Sam Gary. As a controversial Almanac singer, the 21-year-old Seeger performed under the stage name "Pete Bowers" in order to avoid compromising his father's government career.

In 1950 the Almanacs were reconstituted as The Weavers, named after the title of a 1892 play by Gerhart Hauptmann about a workers' strike (which contained the lines, "We'll stand it no more, come what may!"). Besides Pete Seeger (performing under his own name), members of the Weavers included charter Almanac member Lee Hays, Ronnie Gilbert, Fred Hellerman, and later, Frank Hamilton and Erik Darling. In the atmosphere of the 1950s red scare, the Weavers' repertoire had to be less overtly topical than that of the Almanacs had been, and its progressive message was couched in indirect language -- arguably rendering it even more powerful. The Weavers even on occasion performed in tuxedos (unlike the Almanacs, who had dressed informally) and their managers refused to let them perform at political venues. Because of this, the somewhat hokey string orchestra and chorus arrangements on a few of their hit numbers, and, no doubt also because of their considerable, if temporary, financial success, the Weavers incurred criticism from some progressives for supposedly compromising their political integrity. It was a tricky dilemma, but the Seeger and the other Weavers felt that the imperative of getting their music and their message out to the widest possible audience amply justified these measures.

The Weavers' string of major hits began with an arrangement of Lead Belly's signature waltz, "Goodnight, Irene", which topped the charts for 13 weeks in 1950 and was covered by many other pop singers. On the flip side of "Irene" was the Israeli song "Tzena, Tzena", a daring move at a time when Zionism still had few backers (one of the most vociferous backers of the creation of the state of Israel had been the Soviet Union and Truman had only recognized Israel in 1948). Other Weaver hits included, "So Long It's Been Good to Know You" (by Woody Guthrie), "Kisses Sweeter Than Wine" (by Hays, Seeger, and Lead Belly), the South African Zulu song, "Wimoweh" (about "the lion", warrior chief Shaka the Zulu, who had successfully battled the colonial powers), to name a few.

The Weavers's performing career was abruptly halted in 1953 at the peak of their popularity when blacklisting prompted radio stations to refuse to play their records and all their bookings were canceled. They briefly returned to the stage, however, at a sold-out reunion at Carnegie Hall in 1955 and in a subsequent reunion tour, which produced a hit version of Merle Travis's "Sixteen Tons" as well as LPs of their concert performances. "Kumbaya" a Gullah black spiritual dating from slavery days, was also introduced to wide audiences by Pete Seeger and the Weavers (in 1959), becoming a staple of Boy Scout campfires and Roman Catholic "folk" and lay masses.

In the late fifties, the Kingston Trio was formed in direct imitation of the Weavers and covered much of its repertoire, producing another phenomenal succession of Billboard chart hits, and, in its turn spawning a legion of imitators, laying the groundwork for the 1960s commercial folk revival.

In the documentary film "" (2007), Seeger states that he resigned from the Weavers when the three other band members agreed to perform a jingle for a cigarette commercial.

Recent work

On March 16, 2007, Pete Seeger, his sister Peggy, his brothers Mike and John, his wife Toshi, and other family members spoke and performed at a symposium and concert in honor of the Seeger family, held at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., where Pete Seeger had been employed by the Archive of American Folk Song 67 years earlier.

As of 2008 Pete Seeger is still actively performing and recording. On September 29, 2008, the 89-year-old singer-activist, long banned from commercial TV, made a rare nationwide appearance on the "David Letterman Show", singing "Don't say it can't be done, our work is just begun . .. take it from Dr. King and learn to sing and drop the gun." In September 2008, Appleseed Recordings released "At 89", Seeger's first studio album in 12 years. During the summer of 2008, he played a limited number of dates throughout Canada and the U.S. with his grandson Tao Rodriguez-Seeger and Guy Davis, including a fund-raiser in Ridgefield, Connecticut, for the public radio station WPKN on September 11, 2008.Fact|date=September 2008

Activism

Pre-1950

In 1936, at the age of 17 Pete Seeger joined the Young Communist League, then at the height of its popularity and influence, and, in 1942, he became a member of the adult version of the Communist Party (see #Quotes From Seeger), drifting away from it after the war. In the spring of 1941, the twenty-one year old Seeger performed as a member of the Almanac Singers along with Millard Lampell, Cisco Houston, Woody Guthrie, Butch and Bess Lomax Hawes, and Lee Hays. Seeger and the Almanacs cut several albums of 78s on Keynote and other labels, "Songs for John Doe" (recorded in late February or March and released in May, 1941), the "Talking Union", and an album each of sea chanteys and pioneer songs. Written by Millard Lampell, "Songs for John Doe" was performed by Lampell, Seeger, and Hays, joined by Josh White and Sam Gary. It contained lines such as, "It wouldn't be much thrill to die for Du Pont in Brazil") that were sharply criticical of Roosevelt's unprecedented peacetime draft (enacted in September, 1940). This anti-war/anti-draft tone reflected the Moscow Party line after the 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which maintained the war was "phony" and a mere pretext for big American corporations (many, if not most of whom had actively supported and helped to re-arm Hitler's Germany as a bulwark against Communism) to get Hitler to to attack Soviet Russia, a line of argument that Seeger has said he believed to be true at the time and which was adhered to by many members of the Young Communist League, of which he was a member. Though nominally members of the Popular Front, which was allied with Roosevelt and more moderate liberals, the League's members were still smarting over the memory of Roosevelt and Churchill's arms embargo to Loyalist Spain (which Roosevelt later called a mistake) and the alliance was fraying in the confusing welter of events. A June 16, 1941, review in "Time" magazine, which, under its owner Henry Luce had become very interventionist, denounced the Almanacs' "John Doe", accusing it of scrupulously echoing what it called "the mendacious Moscow tune" that "Franklin Roosevelt is leading an unwilling people into a J. P. Morgan war". Eleanor Roosevelt, a fan of folk music, reportedly found the album "in bad taste," though President Roosevelt, when the album was shown to him, merely observed, correctly as it turned out, that few people would ever hear it. More alarmist was the reaction of eminent German-born Harvard Professor of Government, Carl Joachim Friedrich an adviser to the US military. In a review in the June 1941 "Atlantic Monthly", entitled "The Poison in Our System", acting as a one man judge and jury, he pronounced "Songs for John Doe" "strictly subversive and illegal", "whether Communist or Nazi financed" and "a matter for the attorney general", observing further that that "mere" legal "suppression" would not be sufficient to counteract this type of populist poison [http://www.peteseeger.net/poison.htm] , the poison being folk music, and the ease with which it could be spread.

At that point, the U.S. had not yet entered the war but was energetically re-arming. African Americans were barred from working in defense plants, a situation that greatly angered African Americans and white progressives. Black union leaders A. Philip Randolph, Bayard Rustin, and A. J. Muste began planning a huge march on Washington to protest racial discrimination in war industries and to urge desegregation of the armed forces. The march, which many regard as the first manifestation of the Civil Rights Movement, was canceled after President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 (The Fair Employment Act) of June 25, 1941, barring discrimination in hiring by companies holding federal contracts for defense work. This Presidential act diffused black anger considerably, although the US army still refused to desegregate, declining to participate in what it called "social engineering".

Roosevelt's order came three days after Hitler broke the non-aggression pact and invaded the Soviet Union. The Communist Party now immediately directed its members to get behind the draft, and it also forbade participation in strikes for the duration of the war (angering some leftists). Copies of "Songs for John Doe" were removed from sale, and the remaining inventory destroyed, though a few copies may exist in the hands of private collectors. The Almanac Singers' "Talking Union" album, on the other hand, was reissued as an LP by Folkways (FH 5285A) in 1955 and is still available. The following year the Almanacs issued "Dear Mr. President", an album in support of Roosevelt and the war effort. The title song, "Dear Mr. President", was a solo by Pete Seeger, and its lines expressed his life-long credo:

Now, Mr. President, / We haven't always agreed in the past, I know, / But that ain't at all important now. / What is important is what we got to do, / We got to lick Mr. Hitler, and until we do, / Other things can wait.//

Now, as I think of our great land . . . / I know it ain't perfect, but it will be someday, / Just give us a little time. // This is the reason that I want to fight, / Not 'cause everything's perfect, or everything's right. / No, it's just the opposite: I'm fightin' because / I want a better America, and better laws, / And better homes, and jobs, and schools, / And no more Jim Crow, and no more rules like / "You can't ride on this train 'cause you're a Negro," / "You can't live here 'cause you're a Jew,"/ "You can't work here 'cause you're a union man."//

So, Mr. President, / We got this one big job to do / That's lick Mr. Hitler and when we're through, / Let no one else ever take his place / To trample down the human race. / So what I want is you to give me a gun / So we can hurry up and get the job done.

Seeger's critics, however, have continued to bring up the Almanacs' repudiated "Songs for John Doe". In 1942, a year after the "John Doe" album's brief appearance (and disappearance), the FBI decided that the now-pro-war Almanacs were still endangering the war effort by subverting recruitment. According to the N.Y. World Telegram (Feb. 14, 1942), Carl Friedrich's 1941 article "The Poison in Our System" was printed up as a pamphlet and distributed by the Council for Democracy (an organization that Friedrich founded and headed) and was shown to the Almanac's employers in order to keep them off the air. [http://www.peteseeger.net/nywt02171942.htm] Coincidentally, defamatory reviews and gossip items appeared in New York newspapers whenever they performed in public, and ultimately the Almanacs had to disband.

Seeger served in the US Army in the Pacific. He was trained as an airplane mechanic, but was reassigned to entertain the American troops with music. Later, when people asked him what he did in the war, he always answered "I strummed my banjo". After returning from service, Seeger and others established People's Songs, conceived as a nationwide organization with branches on both coasts that was designed to "Create, promote and distribute songs of labor and the American People" [People's Songs Inc. People's Songs Newsletter No 1. Feb 1946. Old Town School of Folk Music Resource center collection.] With Pete Seeger as its director, People's Songs worked for the 1948 presidential campaign of Roosevelt's former Secretary of Agriculture and Vice President, Henry A. Wallace, who ran as a third party candidate on the Progressive Party ticket. Despite having attracted enormous crowds nationwide, however, Wallace only won in New York City, and, in the red-baiting frenzy that followed, he was excoriated (as Roosevelt had not been) for accepting the help in his campaign of Communists and fellow travelers such as Seeger and singer Paul Robeson. [American Masters: "Pete Seeger: The Power of Song - KQED Broadcast 2-27-08 ]

panish Civil War songs

Seeger had been a fervent supporter of the Republican side of the Spanish Civil War, viewed by many as a rehearsal for World War II. In 1943, as a member of a group of Almanac Singers alumni who included Woody Guthrie, he recorded an album of 78s called "Songs of the Lincoln Battalion" on Moe Asch's Stinson label. This included such songs as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Songs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War "There's a Valley in Spain called Jarama"] , and "Quinte brigada". In 1960, this collection was re-issued by Moe Asch as one side of a Folkways LP called "Songs of the Lincoln and International Brigades". On the other side was a reissue of the legendary "Six Songs for Democracy" (originally recorded in Barcelona in 1938 while bombs were falling), performed by Ernst Busch and a chorus of members of the Thälmann Battalion, made up of refugees from Nazi Germany. The songs were: "Moorsoldaten" ("Peat Bog Soldiers", composed by political prisoners of German concentration camps), "Die Thaelmann-Kolonne", "Hans Beimler", "Das Lied Von Der Einheitsfront" ("Song Of The United Front", written by Hans Eisler and Bertold Brecht), "Der Internationalen Brigaden" ("Song Of The International Brigades"), and "Los cuatro generales" ("The Four Insurgent Generals").

1950s and early 1960s

In the '50s and, indeed, consistently throughout his life, Seeger continued his principled support of civil and labor rights, racial equality, international understanding, and anti-militarism (all of which had characterized the Wallace campaign) and he continued to believe that songs could help people achieve these goals. With the ever-growing revelations of Stalin's atrocities and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, however, he became increasingly disillusioned with Soviet Communism. In his PBS biography, Seeger said he "drifted away" from the CPUSA beginning in 1949 but remained friends with some who did not leave it, though he argued with them about it. [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/seeger_p.html "Pete Seeger: The Power of Song"] - PBS American Masters, 2008-02-27] [ [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/seeger_interview/index.html , p. 52.]

On August 18, 1955, Seeger was subpoenaed to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Alone among the many witnesses after the 1950 conviction and imprisonment of the Hollywood Ten for contempt of court, Seeger refused to plead the Fifth Amendment (which asserted that his testimony might be self incriminating) and instead (as the Hollywood Ten had done) refused to name personal and political associations on the grounds that this would violate his First Amendment rights: "I am not going to answer any questions as to my association, my philosophical or religious beliefs or my political beliefs, or how I voted in any election, or any of these private affairs. I think these are very improper questions for any American to be asked, especially under such compulsion as this." [Pete Seeger to the House Unamerican Activities Committee, August 18, 1955. Quoted, along with some other exchanges from that hearing, in [Wilkinson 2006] , p.53] Seeger's refusal to testify led to a March 26, 1957 indictment for contempt of Congress; for some years, he had to keep the federal government apprised of where he was going any time he left the Southern District of New York. He was convicted in a jury trial of contempt of court in March 1961, and sentenced to 10 years in jail (to be served simultaneously), but in May 1962 an appeals court ruled the indictment to be flawed and overturned his conviction. [ [Wilkinson 2006] , p. 53.]

Vietnam War era

A longstanding opponent of the arms race and of the Vietnam War, Seeger satirically attacked then-President Lyndon Johnson with his 1966 recording, on the album "Dangerous Songs!?", of Len Chandler's children's song, "Beans in My Ears". Beyond Chandler's lyrics, Seeger said that "Mrs. Jay's little son Alby" had "beans in his ears", which, as the lyrics imply [ [http://sniff.numachi.com/pages/tiBEANEARS.html Beans in My Ears] ] , ensures that a person does not hear what is said to them. To those opposed to continuing the Vietnam War the phrase implied that "Alby Jay" was a loose pronunciation of Johnson's nickname "LBJ", and sarcastically suggested "that must explain why he doesn't respond to the protests against his war policies".

Seeger attracted wider attention starting in 1967 with his song "Waist Deep in the Big Muddy", about a captain — referred to in the lyrics as "the big fool" — who drowned while leading a platoon on maneuvers in Louisiana during World War II. In the face of arguments with the management of CBS about whether the song's political weight was in keeping with the usually light-hearted entertainment of the "Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour", the final lines were "Every time I read the paper/those old feelings come on/We are waist deep in the Big Muddy and the big fool says to push on." It was not seriously contestedFact|date=December 2007 that much of the audience would grasp Seeger's allegorical casting of Johnson as the "big fool" and the Vietnam War the foreseeable danger. Although the performance was cut from the September 1967 show, ["Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour", CBS, Season 2, Episode 1, September 10, 1967.] after wide publicity [ [http://www.peteseeger.net/givepeacechance.htm How "Waist Deep in the Big Muddy" Finally Got on Network Television in 1968] ] , it was broadcast when Seeger appeared again on the Smothers' Brothers show in the following January. ["Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour", CBS, Season 2, Episode 24, February 25, 1968.]

Inspired by Woody Guthrie, whose guitar was labeled "This machine kills fascists," Seeger's banjo was emblazoned with the motto "This Machine Surrounds Hate and Forces It to Surrender." ^{[http://www.flickr.com/photos/guano/114357902/in/photostream/ photo]}

Environment

Seeger is involved in the environmental organization Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, which he co-founded in 1966. This organization has worked since then to highlight pollution in the Hudson River and worked to clean it. As part of that effort, the sloop ""Clearwater"" was launched in 1969 with its inaugural sail down from Maine to South Street Seaport Museum in New York City, and thence to the Hudson River. [Featured in the PBS documentary, a more specific cite is needed.] Amongst the inaugural crew was Don McLean who co-edited the book "Songs and Sketches of the First Clearwater Crew" with sketches by Thomas B. Allen for which Seeger wrote the forward... [ cite book |title=The Don McLean Story: Killing Us Softly With His Songs |last=Howard |first=Alan |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2007 |publisher=Lulu Press Inc. |location= |isbn=978-1430306825 |pages=420 ] Seeger and McLean sang "Shenandoah" on the 1974 "Clearwater" album. The sloop regularly sails the river with volunteer and professional crew members, primarily conducting environmental education programs for school groups. The Great Hudson River Revival (aka Clearwater Festival) is an annual two-day music festival held on the banks of the Hudson at Croton Point Park. This festival grew out of early fundraising concerts arranged by Seeger and friends to raise money to pay for "Clearwater's" construction.

Seeger wrote and performed "That Lonesome Valley" about the then-polluted Hudson River in 1969, and his band members also wrote and performed songs commemorating the "Clearwater."

olo Career and the Folk Song Revival

To earn money during the blacklist period of the late 1950s and early 1960s, Seeger had gigs as a music teacher in schools and summer camps, and traveled the college campus circuit. He also recorded as many as five albums a year for Moe Asch's Folkways Records label. As the nuclear disarmament movement picked up steam in the late 50s and early 60s, Seeger's anti-war songs, such as "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?" (co-written with Joe Hickerson), "Turn, Turn, Turn," adapted from the Book of Ecclesiastes, and the brilliant Bells of Rhymney (1957), gained wide currency. Seeger was also closely associated with the 1960s Civil Rights movement, and in 1963 helped organize a landmark Carnegie Hall Concert, featuring the youthful Freedom Singers, as a benefit for the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee. This event, and Martin Luther King's March on Washington in August of that year in which Seeger and other folk singers participated, brought the Civil Rights anthem, "We Shall Overcome" to wide audiences. A version of this song, submitted by Zilphia Horton of Highlander, had been published in Seeger's People's Songs "Bulletin" as early as in 1947.

By this time Seeger was a senior figure in the 1960s folk revival centered in Greenwich Village, as a longtime columnist in "Sing Out!", the successor to the People's Songs "Bulletin" and as a founder of the topical "Broadside" magazine. To describe the new crop of politically committed folk singers, he coined the phrase "Woody's children", alluding to his associate and traveling companion, Woody Guthrie, who by this time had become a legendary figure. This urban folk revival movement, a continuation of the activist tradition of the thirties and forties, and of People's Songs, used adaptations of traditional tunes and lyrics to effect social change, a practice that goes back to the Industrial Workers of the World or Wobblies' "Little Red Song Book", compiled by Swedish-born union organizer Joe Hill (1879-1915). (The "Little Red Song Book" had been a favorite of Woody Guthrie's, who was known to carry it around.) Pete Seeger made two tours of Australia, the first in 1963. At the time of this tour, his single "Little Boxes" (written by Malvina Reynolds) was number one in the nation's Top 40's. In 1993, the Australian singer/plawright Maurie Mulherin, assembled an anthology of Seeger's work in a stage production "One Word We". It enjoyed a long and sold-out season at the New Theatre in the inner Sydney suburb of Newtown.

The long television blacklist of Seeger began to end in the mid-60s when he hosted a regionally broadcast, educational, folk-music television show, "Rainbow Quest". Among his guests were Johnny Cash, June Carter, Mississippi John Hurt, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Roscoe Holcomb, The Stanley Brothers, Doc Watson, Tom Paxton, Judy Collins, Richard and Mimi Fariña, The Beers Family, Rev. Gary Davis, Donovan, and Shawn Phillips. Thirty-nine hour-long programs were recorded at WNJU's Newark studios in 1965 and 1966, produced by Seeger and his wife Toshi, with Sholom Rubinstein.

An early booster of Bob Dylan, Seeger, who was on the Board of Directors of the Newport Folk Festival, became upset over the extremely loud and distorted electric sound that Dylan, instigated by his manager Albert Grossman, also a Folk Festival Board member, brought into the 1965 Festival during his performance of "Maggie's Farm". Tensions between Grossman and the other board members were running very high (at one point reportedly there was a scuffle and blows were briefly exchanged between Grossman and Board member Alan Lomax). [The Butterfield Blues band, managed by Grossman, were the closers in a blues workshop that had included Memphis Slim and other African-American greats, Lomax is reported to have questioned whether white musicians like the Butterfield Band could really play the blues as well as the great blues artists of the past, whom they were imitating: this infuriated Grossman, who responded by physically attacking Lomax. Michael Bloomfield stated, “Alan Lomax, the great folklorist and musicologist, gave us some kind of introduction that I didn’t even hear, but Albert found it offensive. And Albert went upside his head. The next thing we knew, right in the middle of our show, Lomax and Grossman were kicking ass on the floor in the middle of thousands of people at the Newport Folk Festival. Tearing each others clothes off. We had to pull ‘em apart. We figured 'Albert, man, now there’s a manager!'" quoted in Jan Mark Wolkin, Bill Keenom, and Carlos Santana's, "Michael Bloomfield: If You Love These Blues" (San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books), p. 102. See also Ronald D. Cohen's introduction to "Part III, The Folk Revival (1960s)" in "Alan Lomax: Selected Writings" Ronald D. Cohen, ed. (London: Routledege), p. 192.] There are several versions of what happened during Dylan's performance and some claimed that Pete Seeger tried to disconnect the equipment. [In the Dylan documentary "No Direction Home", John Cohen, Maria Muldaur and Seeger himself give conflicting accounts.] Seeger has been portrayed by Dylan's publicists as a folk "purist" who was one of the main opponents to Dylan's "going electric", but when asked in 2001 about how he recalled his "objections" to the electric style, he said:

I couldn't understand the words. I wanted to hear the words. It was a great song, "Maggie's Farm," and the sound was distorted. I ran over to the guy at the controls and shouted, "Fix the sound so you can hear the words." He hollered back, "This is the way they want it." I said "Damn it, if I had an axe, I'd cut the cable right now." But I was at fault. I was the MC, and I could have said to the part of the crowd that booed Bob, "you didn't boo Howlin' Wolf yesterday. He was electric!" Though I still prefer to hear Dylan acoustic, some of his electric songs are absolutely great. Electric music is the vernacular of the second half of the twentieth century, to use my father's old term. [David Kupfer, [http://www.wholeearthmag.com/ArticleBin/406.html Longtime Passing: An interview with Pete Seeger] , "Whole Earth" magazine, Spring 2001. Accessed online October 16, 2007.]

Criticism

As Seeger began to garner awards and recognition for his life-long championing of peace, civil rights, and the environment, he also found himself pestered with renewed criticism. On April 14, 2006, the head of the libertarian Cato institute, David Boaz, who is a commentator on Voice of America and NPR, wrote an opinion piece in the British newspaper "The Guardian", entitled "Stalin's Songbird". Boaz excoriated the liberal "New Yorker" magazine and "New York Times" for lauding Seeger, whom he characterized as "someone with a longtime habit of following the party line", who only "eventually" had left the CPUSA. In support of his case he quoted lines from the Almanac Singers' 1941 "Songs for John Doe", contrasting them darkly with lines supporting the war from "Dear Mr. President", issued after we had entered the war the following year. He did not mention that Pete had not been a Communist Party member for 57 years, or that the majority of other American had changed their minds in similar fashion. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2006/apr/14/post33?commentpage=1] In 2007, perhaps in response to such criticisms, Seeger wrote a song condemning Stalin, "Big Joe Blues", and also a letter responding to historian Ron Radosh, a lapsed Trotskyite Communist who now writes for the conservative "National Review", and who has been a neoconservative critic of Seeger. Seeger apologized for being blind to Stalin's failings. "I think you’re right," wrote Seeger, "I should have asked to see the gulags when I was in U.S.S.R [in 1965] ". [Daniel J. Wakin, [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/01/arts/music/01seeg.html?_r=1&ref=arts&oref=slogin "This Just In: Pete Seeger Denounced Stalin Over a Decade Ago"] , "New York Times", September 1, 2007. Accessed October 16, 2007.] On the other hand, he has also said he does not regret the songs he has sung and the books he has written, and continues to be a communist with a small "c".

Tribute Albums

In 1998 Appleseed Records issued a double-CD tribute album: "Where Have All the Flowers Gone: the Songs of Pete Seeger", which included readings by Studs Terkel and songs by Billy Bragg, Jackson Browne, Eliza Carthy, Judy Collins, Bruce Cockburn, Donovan, Ani DiFranco, Dick Gaughan, Nancy Griffith, Richie Havens, Indigo Girls, Roger McGuinn, Holly Near, Odetta, Tom Paxton, Bonnie Raitt, Martin Simpson, and Bruce Springsteen, among others.

In April 2006 Bruce Springsteen released a collection of folk songs associated with Seeger's repertoire, titled, "" (which some reviewers noted that, oddly, contained no songs actually composed by Seeger). Springsteen and his band also toured to sellout crowds in a series of concerts based on those sessions. He had previously performed the Seeger staple, "We Shall Overcome," on "Where Have All the Flowers Gone".

Awards

Seeger has been the recipient of many awards and recognitions throughout his career, including :
* The Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award (1993)
* The National Medal of Arts from the National Endowment for the Arts (1994)
* Kennedy Center Lifetime Achievement Honor (1994)
* The Harvard Arts Medal (1996)
* Induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1996)
* Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album of 1996 for his record "Pete" (1997)
* The Felix Varela Medal, Cuba's highest honor for "his humanistic and artistic work in defense of the environment and against racism" (1999)
* The Schneider Family Book Award for his children's picture book "The Deaf Musicians." (2007)
* The Eugene V. Debs Award (1979)

Quotes

From Seeger

* "Some may find them [songs] merely diverting melodies. Others may find them incitements to Red revolution. And who will say if either or both is wrong? Not I."
* "Any darn fool can make something complex; it takes a genius to make something simple."
* "I like to say I'm more conservative than Goldwater. He just wanted to turn the clock back to when there was no income tax. I want to turn the clock back to when people lived in small villages and took care of each other."
* "Technology will save us if it doesn't wipe us out first."
* "I still call myself a communist, because communism is no more what Russia made of it than Christianity is what the churches make of it. But if by some freak of history communism had caught up with this country, I would have been one of the first people thrown in jail."
* "My father, Charles Seeger, got me into the Communist movement. He backed out around '38. I drifted out in the '50s. I apologize for following the party line so slavishly, for not seeing that Stalin was a supremely cruel misleader."
* "I'll apologize for a number of things, such as thinking that Stalin was simply a 'hard driver' and not a supremely cruel misleader. I guess anyone who calls himself or herself a Christian should be prepared to apologize for the Inquisition, the burning of heretics by Protestants, the slaughter of Jews and Moslems by Crusaders. White people in the U.S.A. could consider apologizing for stealing land from Native Americans and enslaving blacks. Europeans could apologize for worldwide conquests, Mongolians for Genghis Khan. And supporters of Roosevelt could apologize for his support of Somoza, of Southern white Democrats, of Franco Spain, for putting Japanese Americans in concentration camps."
* "Plagiarism is the basis of all culture." Seeger quoting his father.
* "There is hope for the world." - in "Pete Seeger: The Power of Song".
* "We sang about Alabama 1955, / But since 9-11, we wonder, will this world survive? / The world learned a lesson from Dr. King: / We can survive, we can, we will, and so we sing — // Don’t say it can’t be done, / The battle’s just begun. / Take it from Dr. King, / You too can learn to sing, / So drop the gun."
* I believe God is everywhere. [http://www.beliefnet.com/story/198/story_19846_1.html]

From others

Jim Musselman (founder of Appleseed Recordings), longtime friend and record producer for Pete Seeger::He was one of the few people who invoked the First Amendment in front of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Everyone else had said the Fifth Amendment, the right against self-incrimination, and then they were dismissed. What Pete did, and what some other very powerful people who had the guts and the intestinal fortitude to stand up to the committee and say, "I'm gonna invoke the First Amendment, the right of freedom of association...."

:...I was actually in law school when I read the case of "Seeger v. United States", and it really changed my life, because I saw the courage of what he had done and what some other people had done by invoking the First Amendment, saying, "We're all Americans. We can associate with whoever we want to, and it doesn't matter who we associate with." That's what the founding fathers set up democracy to be. So I just really feel it's an important part of history that people need to remember." [ [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=06/09/04/1416217 We Shall Overcome: An Hour With Legendary Folk Singer & Activist Pete Seeger] , Democracy Now!, September 4, 2006. Accessed October 16, 2007.]

ee also

* Tao Rodríguez-Seeger - grandson
* Tom Winslow - former band member

Notes

References

*Forbes, Linda C. "Pete Seeger on Environmental Advocacy, Organizing, and Education in the Hudson River Valley: An Interview with the Folk Music Legend, Author and Storyteller, Political and Environmental Activist, and Grassroots Organizer." "Organization & Environment", 17, No. 4, 2004: 513-522.
*Seeger, Pete. "How to Play the Five-String Banjo", 3rd edition. New York: Music Sales Corporation, 1969. ISBN 0-8256-0024-3.
*Dunaway, David K. "How Can I Keep from Singing: Pete Seeger", McGraw Hill (1981), DaCapo (1990), Villard (2008) ISBN 0-07-018150-0, ISBN 0-07-018151-9, ISBN 0-306-80399-2, ISBN 0-345-50608-1.
* Wilkinson, Alec. [http://www.peteseeger.net/new_yorker041706.htm "The Protest Singer: Pete Seeger and American folk music",] "The New Yorker," April 17, 2006, p. 44–53.
*cite news | last=Zollo | first=Paul | title=Pete Seeger Reflects On His Legendary Songs | date=January 7, 2005 | publisher=GRAMMY Magazine | url=http://www.grammy.com/features/2005/0107_seeger.aspx
*Gardner, Elysa. "Seeger: A 'Power' in music, politics." USA Today, February 27, 2008. p. 8D.

External links

* [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/seeger_p.html PBS's American Masters site for "Pete Seeger: The Power of Song"]
* [http://www.peteseeger.net/ Pete Seeger Appreciation Page] , a site originally created by Jim Capaldi
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5987700831372141735 "Pete Seeger: The Power of Song" documentary filmmaker Jim Brown interview on The Alcove with Mark Molaro, 2007]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/to_hear_your_banjo_play "To Hear Your Banjo Play" a movie at archive.org narrated by Pete Seeger]
* [http://www.banjofrailer.com "Banjo Player inspired by Pete" abanjo in rural America]
* [http://www.peteseeger.org/ "Pete Seeger: How Can I Keep From Singing?"] Website by Seeger biographer David Dunaway
* [http://www.democracynow.org/2006/9/4/we_shall_overcome_an_hour_with "We Shall Overcome: An Hour With Legendary Folk Singer & Activist Pete Seeger"] on "Democracy Now!," September 2006 (video, audio, and print transcript)
* [http://www.banjofrailer.org/ Folk Banjo inspired by Pete Seeger]
* [http://www.onpointradio.org/shows/2003/01/20030117_b_main.asp On Point Radio : "The World According to Pete Seeger"]
* [http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20050516&s=terkel "Pete Seeger Is 86"] , Studs Terkel, "The Nation", May 16, 2005
* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4726633 Folk Legend Pete Seeger Looks Back] - National Public Radio interview
* [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/musicshow/stories/2006/1670374.htm# Peter Seeger] interviewed by Australian composer Andrew Ford (MP3 of interview first broadcast in 1999)
* [http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/seeger.html Pete Seeger, Folk Singer and Song Writer] by Thomas Blair. Part of a series of Notable Americans
* [http://www.downhomeradioshow.com/2007/10/interview-with-pete-seeger-down-home-turns-1/ 1-hour Internet radio interview] - Pete discusses the music industry, the world in general, and more (August 2007).
*worldcat id|id=lccn-n50-6375
*cite web |last=Matthews |first=Scott |title=John Cohen in Eastern Kentucky: Documentary Expression and the Image of Roscoe Halcomb During the Folk Revival |work=Southern Spaces |date=2008-08-06 |url=http://www.southernspaces.org/contents/2008/matthews/1a.htm