- Virtual crime
-
Virtual crime or in-game crime refers to a virtual criminal act that takes place in a massively multiplayer online game (MMOG), usually an MMORPG. The huge time and effort invested into such games can lead online "crime" to spill over into real world crime, and even blur the distinctions between the two. Some countries have introduced special police investigation units to cover such "virtual crimes". South Korea is one such country and looked into 22,000 cases in the first six months of 2003.[1]
Contents
Meaning
Several interpretations of the term "virtual crime" exist. Some legal scholars opt for a definition based on a report on what was the first prominent case, a "rape in cyberspace."[2][vague] One such scholar defined virtual crime as needing to have all the qualities of a real crime, and so was not a new subset of crime at all.[3] Conversely, it has also been said that the connection between virtual crimes and real crimes are "tenuous at best: It is the link between a brutal rape and a fictional story of a brutal rape. Surely the difference is more striking than any similarity."[4]
To rectify this, the modern interpretation of the term "virtual" must be amended such that it carries the traditional implication; "that is such in essence or effect, though not recognised as such in name or according to strict definition."[5] In this sense, it "would include those crimes that somehow evoke and approach the effect and essence of real crime, but are not considered crimes."[6]
Virtual economies
Main article: Virtual economyOver time, players build their characters and collect in-game items. Some such items may have been obtained through months of gameplay, involving various tasks and a substantial level of effort. According to standard conceptions of economic value, the goods and services of virtual economies do have a demonstrable value. Since players of these games are willing to substitute real economic resources of time and money (monthly fees) in exchange for these resources, by definition they have demonstrated utility to the user.
Stemming from their value in the virtual economy, these items, and the characters themselves, have gained monetary value in the real world. eBay, along with specialist trading sites, have allowed players to sell their wares. This has attracted fraudulent sales as well as theft. Many game developers, such as Blizzard Entertainment (responsible for World of Warcraft) oppose and even prohibit the practice. Some argue that to allow in-game items to have monetary values makes these games, essentially, gambling venues.
In most games, players do not own, materially or intellectually, any part of the game world, and merely pay to use it. Because this "virtual property" is actually owned by the game developer, a developer who opposed real commerce of in-game currencies would have the right to destroy virtual goods as soon as they were listed on eBay or otherwise offered for real trade.
Known cases
In South Korea, where the number of computer game players is massive, some have reported the emergence of gangs and mafia, where powerful players steal and demand that beginners give them virtual money for their "protection".
In China, Qiu Chengwei was sentenced to life in prison after stabbing and killing fellow The Legend of Mir 3 gamer Zhu Caoyuan. In the game Qiu had lent Zhu a powerful sword (a "dragon sabre"), which Zhu then went on to sell on eBay for 7,200 Yuan (about £473 or $870). With no Chinese laws covering the online dispute, there was nothing the police could do.[7][8]
In the game The Sims Online a 17-year old boy going by the in-game name "Evangeline", was discovered to have built a cyber-brothel, where customers would pay sim-money for minutes of cybersex. This led to the cancellation of his accounts but no legal action, mainly because he was above the age of consent.[9][10][11]
The term "virtual mugging" was coined when some players of Lineage II used bots to defeat other player's characters and take their items. The Japanese Kagawa Prefectural Police arrested a Chinese foreign exchange student on 16 August 2005 following the reports of virtual mugging and the online sale of the stolen items.[12]
The virtual economies of many MMOs and the exchange of virtual items and currency for real money has triggered the birth of the game sweatshop, in which workers in the developing world, typically China (although there has been reports of this type of activity in Eastern European countries), earn real-world wages for long days spent monotonously performing in-game tasks. Most instances typically involve farming of resources or currency, which has given rise to the epithet Chinese Adena Farmer, because of its first reported widespread use in Lineage II. More egregious cases involve using exploits such as in duping money or items, such as a large-scale incident in Star Wars Galaxies.[13] Both practices can place great stress on the creators' artificial economy, requiring robust design, and often repeated updates, to preserve reasonable work/reward ratios and game balance. There have also been reports of collusion (or vertical integration, depending on the source) among farmers and online currency exchanges. In 2002, a company called Blacksnow Interactive, a game currency exchange, admitted to using workers in a "virtual sweatshop" in Tijuana, Mexico to farm money and items from Ultima Online and Dark Age of Camelot. When Mythic Entertainment cracked down on the practice, Blacksnow attempted to sue the game company.
It was reported on 14 November 2007 that a Dutch teenager had been arrested for allegedly stealing virtual furniture from "rooms" in 3D social-networking website Habbo Hotel. The teenagers involved were accused of creating fake Habbo websites in order to lure users into entering their account details, which would then be used to steal virtual furniture bought with real money totalling €4000.[14]
References
- ^ Ward, Mark. "Does virtual crime need real justice?" at BBC News, (September 29, 2003)
- ^ Julian Dibbell, A Rape in Cyberspace, Village Voice, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 51 (December 21, 1993)
- ^ Susan W. Brenner, Is There Such a Thing as "Virtual Crime?”, 4 Cal. Crim. Law Rev. 1,105-11 (2001)
- ^ Kerr, Problem of Perspective at 372-73 n.66
- ^ OED
- ^ Cf. Brenner, Virtual Crime, 4 Cal. Crim. Law Rev. 1 at ¶125-27
- ^ "'Game theft' led to fatal attack" at BBC News. Retrieved 9 June 2005.
- ^ Ward, Mark (29 September 2003). "Does virtual crime need real justice?". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3138456.stm.
- ^ Bray, Hiawatha. "Justice has its price in Sim world". Retrieved 9 June 2005.
- ^ Schaeffer, Jim. "Sex And The Simulated City: Virtual world raises issues in the real one ". Retrieved 10 June 2005.].
- ^ "Evangeline: Interview with a Child cyber-Prostitute in TSO". Retrieved 10 June 2005. Dead link as of 27 May 2010. Archived [http://web.archive.org/web/20050603084519/http://www.alphavilleherald.com/archives/000049.html here
- ^ [1]
- ^ Koster, Raph (2004-04-30). "Economy Stats". http://www.simbaspaws.org/Aziri/SWG/economy.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ "'Virtual theft' leads to arrest". BBC News. 14 November 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7094764.stm.
- Lastowka, Greg (2010). Virtual Justice. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300141207. http://www.chaihana.com/virtualjustice.pdf.
- 6 Susan W. Brenner. Is There Such a Thing as "Virtual Crime"? 4 Cal. Crim. Law Rev. 1 [2]
- 7 July 2005. "Wage Slaves" at 1up.com. Retrieved 19 August 2005
- 7 February 2005. "Virtual worlds wind up in real world's courts at MSNBC. Retrieved 19 August 2005
- Lastowka, Greg and Hunter, Dan. "Virtual Crimes" New York Law School Law Review.
External links
Categories:- Crime by type
- Emergent gameplay
- Virtual economy
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
