Proto-Kartvelian language

The Proto-Kartvelian language, or Common Kartvelian, is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Kartvelian languages in the Caucasus, which was spoken by the ancestors of the modern Kartvelian peoples. The existence of such a language is widely accepted by specialists in linguistics, who have reconstructed a broad outline of the language by comparing the existing Kartvelian languages against each other.^[1]

Influences

See also: Proto-Indo-European language

The ablaut patterns of Proto-Kartvelian are highly similar to those of the Indo-European languages, and so it is widely thought that Proto-Kartvelian interacted with Indo-European at a relatively early date. This is reinforced by a fairly large number of words borrowed from Indo-European, such as the Proto-Kartvelian m_.k_.erd (breast), and its obvious relation to the Indo-European kerd (heart).^[1]

Relation to descendants

The modern descendants of Proto-Kartvelian are Georgian, Mingrelian, Laz, and Svan. Of these, Mingrelian and Laz are often considered dialects of a single language, called Zan, although the two are not inherently mutually intelligible. The ablaut patterns of Proto-Kartvelian were better preserved in Georgian and (particularly) Svan than in either Mingrelian or Laz, in which new forms have been set up so that there is a single, stable vowel in each word element.^[1]

The system of pronouns of Proto-Kartvelian is distinct on account of its category of inclusive-exclusive (so, for instance, there were two forms of the pronoun "we": one that includes the listener and one that does not). This has survived in Svan but not in the other languages. Svan also includes a number of archaisms from the Proto-Kartvelian era, and therefore it is thought that Svan broke off from Proto-Kartvelian at a relatively early stage: the later Proto-Kartvelian stage (called Karto-Zan) split into Georgian and Zan (Mingrelo-Laz).^[1]

Phonology

Vowels

Proto-Kartvelian vowels^[2][3][4]

	Front		Back
			unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	(i [i])				(u [u])
Open-mid	e [ɛ]	ē [ɛː]			o [ɔ]	ō [ɔː]
Open			a [ɑ]	ā [ɑː]

Consonants

Proto-Kartvelian consonants^[5][6]

		Labial	Dental	Denti-alveolar	Alveolar		Velar	Uvular	Glottal
					central	lateral[6]
Nasal		m [m]	n [n]
Plosive	voiced	b [b]	d [d]				g [ɡ]
	voiceless	p [p]	t [t]				k [k]	q [q]
	ejective	ṗ [pʼ]	ṭ [tʼ]				ḳ [kʼ]	qʼ [qʼ]
Affricate	voiced		ʒ [d͡z]	ʒ₁ [d͡ʐ]	ǯ [d͡ʒ]
	voiceless		c [t͡s]	c₁ [t͡ʂ]	č [t͡ʃ]
	ejective		ċ [t͡sʼ]	ċ₁ [t͡ʂʼ]	čʼ [t͡ʃʼ]	ɬʼ [t͡ɬʼ]
Fricative	voiceless		s [s]	s₁ [ʂ]	š [ʃ]	lʿ [ɬ]	x [x]		h [h]
	voiced		z [z]	z₁ [ʐ]	ž [ʒ]		ɣ [ɣ]
Trill					r [r]
Approximant		w [w]	l [l]		y [j][dubious – discuss]

References

• Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edition (1986): Macropedia, "Languages of the World", see section titled "Caucasian languages".
• Fähnrich, H. (2002). Kartwelische Wortschatzstudien. Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität. 
• Gamkrelidze, Th. (1966) "A Typology of Common Kartvelian", Language, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Jan. – Mar.), pp. 69–83
• Gamkrelidze, Th. & Machavariani, G. (1965). The system of sonants and ablaut in Kartvelian languages (in Georgian and Russian). Tbilisi. 
• Klimov, G. (1998a). Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Britannica
2. ^ Gamkrelidze & Machavariani (1965)
3. ^ Klimov (1998a), p. X
4. ^ Gamkrelidze (1966), p. 70, 73, 80
5. ^ Gamkrelidze (1966), p. 70
6. ^ ^{a b} Fähnrich (2002), p. 5