Fascism in New Zealand

The organised advocacy of fascist, neo-Nazi, white supremacist, and anti-Semitic views has been present in New Zealand to a limited extent. Its strength has been variable, and the movement has never gained much support from mainstream groups.

Early anti-Semitism

As in most Western societies, a certain amount of anti-Semitic feeling has been present in New Zealand for quite some time. [Goldman, Lazarus Morris, "The history of the Jews in New Zealand", 1958] . This feeling was not particularly strong, however, as evidenced by the fact that Julius Vogel, a practicing Jew, was able to become Prime Minister in 1873. Vogel did, however, suffer jibes about his faith, and political cartoonists frequently employed various Jewish stereotypes against him. The fact that he served as Treasurer was particularly played upon, with stereotypes of Jewish bankers and moneylenders being brought out. However, none of this anti-Semitism was conducted in an organised fashion, being simply the views of individuals rather than any sort of political movement.

In the early 20th century, another more disciplined strain of anti-Semitism crystallised around the social credit theory. This theory, set out by the British engineer C. H. Douglas, was highly critical of bankers and financiers, believing that debt was being used to undermine people's rights. While by no means all creditists were anti-Semitic, the complaints made by Social Credit fit well with existing anti-Semitic theories that Jews controlled financial institutions. As such, many anti-Semites gathered around social credit organisations, and in some cases, became powerful.

Initially, most supporters of social credit were supporters of the Labour Party, which meant that any anti-Semitic sentiments were considerably diluted. Later, however, an independent Social Credit Party was founded, and some allege that the new group contained many anti-Semitic elements. Gradually, rifts emerged in the party over anti-Semitic views, and the faction opposed to anti-Semitism was victorious. By the late 1960s, any anti-Semitic strain had been virtually expelled from the Social Credit Party. Many anti-Semites transferred their support to the League of Rights, an Australian organisation which also had links to the social credit movement.

Fascist organisations

Unlike some countries, New Zealand did not have any notable fascist organisations in the first half of the 20th century, although the New Zealand Legion was sometimes accused of having fascist leanings. There were no real equivalents to the British Union of Fascists or the Silver Legion of America, although certain individuals, notably Lionel Terry and Arthur Nelson Field, promoted white supremacist ideals.

In the post-war period, however, a number of fascist organisations became active. In 1968, the fascist activist Colin King-Ansell was jailed for an attack on a synagogue. The following year, he established the National Socialist Party of New Zealand, and contested a number of elections under its banner. Later, he led a group called the National Socialist White People's Party, modeled after the party established by George Lincoln Rockwell in the United States. In 1979, King-Ansell was fined for breaching the Race Relations Act by distributing several thousand anti-Semitic leaflets.

Another fascist group established in this period was the New Zealand National Front. The National Front was established by Brian Thompson of Ashburton in 1968, although its initial operations were erratic. Eventually, in 1989, a new organisation called the Conservative Front (founded by Anton Foljambe) absorbed the National Front and adopted its name. The now-defunct New Zealand Democratic Nationalist Party also dates from this time period.

In 1981, a group called the New Force was founded. Its leader, Kerry Bolton, had previously been involved with both the National Front and the Democratic Nationalist Party. Bolton contested an election under the name "Zandbergen", but was unsuccessful. In 1983, the New Force was renamed the Nationalist Workers Party.

In 1981, a visit by South Africa's rugby team generated huge controversy due to South Africa's apartheid policies at the time. Colin King-Ansell and a number of other fascist figures took part in counter-demonstrations against anti-tour protesters.

In the 1990s, there was something of a resurgence in New Zealand fascism. A number of gangs with fascist views, notably Unit 88, gained considerable public attention. Colin King-Ansell was once again involved, although he distanced himself from Unit 88 when the media focused on it. Later, in March 1997, King-Ansell founded the New Zealand Fascist Union, which described itself as being more closely modeled on Mussolini's Italy and Perón's Argentina than on Nazi Germany. The Fascist Union at one time claimed to have 500 members, the necessary number for official party registration, but the Union was never registered.

Also in 1997, Anton Foljambe resigned as leader of the National Front. The Front, led by Kyle Chapman, went on to gain considerable public recognition, and is now the best known fascist organisation in New Zealand. There were claims that the Front had sufficient strength to officially register, but no registration occurred. More recently, there have been claims that the National Front is split between radical and moderate members; Kyle Chapman resigned as leader in May 2005, and he and Foljambe have since established the moderate National Democrats Party

Lists

Organisations

*National Democrats Party
*National Front
*Conservative Front
*Democratic Nationalist Party
*Fascist Union
*National Socialist Party
*Nationalist Workers Party
*New Force
*New Right
*Patriot Party
*Unit 88
*Zenith Applied PhilosophyFact|date=February 2007

People

*Kerry Bolton
*Kyle Chapman
*Anton Foljambe
*Colin King-Ansell

References

External links

* [http://www.nationaldemocrats.org Website of the National Democrats Party]
* [http://www.nationalfront.org.nz Website of the National Front]
* [http://www.fightdemback.com/ FightDemBack, a project to oppose fascist groups in Australia and New Zealand]
* [http://www.aijac.org.au/review/1998/231/nznazis.html Article in the Australia/Israel Review]