Psychotria poeppigiana

Psychotria poeppigiana
Flowering plant
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Subclass:	Asteridae
Order:	Gentianales
Family:	Rubiaceae
Subfamily:	Rubioideae
Tribe:	Psychotrieae
Genus:	Psychotria
Species:	P. poeppigiana
Binomial name
Psychotria poeppigiana Müll. Arg.
Synonyms
Many, see text

Psychotria poeppigiana is a plant species in the family Rubiaceae; a common name is Sore-mouth Bush,^[1] though it is not very often used.

It ranges widely in the tropical Americas, from Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tabasco and Veracruz in Mexico to the very north of Argentina. It does not occur on the Pacific side of the American cordillera however, and is thus absent from El Salvador and Chile. It is probably also absent from Uruguay and Paraguay.^[1]

P. poeppigiana is a large shrub. The inflorescences are carried upright or semi-erect and are surrounded by large bracts, colored a conspicuous red, that attract pollinators. The flowers themselves are inconspicuous, with the small yellow petals and sepals forming a narrow corollar tube. Pollinators are mainly hummingbirds, namely small hermit (Phaethornithinae) species like the Black-throated Hermit (Phaethornis atrimentalis), Straight-billed Hermit (P. bourcieri) and Reddish Hermit (P. ruber). They do not insert their bills deeply into the small flowers, and thus the pollinators of the Sore-mouth Bush include curved- and straight-billed species alike.^[2]

Taxonomy and names

The scientific name honours the botanist Eduard Friedrich Poeppig. This widespread plant has been described under a variety of names, today all considered synonyms:

• Callicocca tomentosa (Aubl.) J.F.Gmel.
• Cephaelis hirsuta M.Martens & Galeotti
• Cephaelis tomentosa (Aubl.) Vahl
• Cephaelis vultusmimi Dwyer
• Evea tomentosa (Aubl.) Standl.
• Psychotria hirsuta (M.Martens & Galeotti) Müll. Arg. ex Mart.
• Tapogomea tomentosa Aubl.
• Uragoga poeppigiana (Müll. Arg.) Kuntze
• Uragoga tomentosa (Aubl.) K.Schum.

A subspecies has been named:^[3]

• Psychotria poeppigiana ssp. barcellana (Muell. Arg.) Steyerm.

Local names include:

• Carib languages:
  • Guiana Carib: yo-nu-ne-mah (Akuriyó), ku-ri-lu eh-nah-pe-da (Tiriyó)^[3]
  • North Amazonian Carib: kaia-eno-mio (Akawaio)^[3]
  • Central Carib: pe-yah-o-tih-puh (Wayana)^[3]
• Creole languages: radie zore (French Guiana Creole), soldier's cap (Guyanese Creole)^[3]
• Tupí–Guaraní languages: tapi'i-kanami (Ka'apor), meaning "tapir-kanami". Kanami is the Ka'apor term for poison used in fishing prepared from Clibadium. The name references both plant's (real or presumed) property of making animals more accessible to hunters (see below).^[4]

Use by humans

The Ka'apor people of Maranhão (Brazil) use its flowers as a "hunting fetish", a magical talisman to facilitate hunting. As the Tulane University anthropologist and historical ecologist William Balée describes it,

"... flowers of Psychotria poeppigiana [...] are wrapped in a piece of cloth and affixed to a dog's collar so that it may more easily find the enormous, highly desirable, and decidedly uncommon tapir"^[4]

Psychotria poeppigiana has several uses in folk medicine; it is widely used as a painkiller besides having some more specialized applications. The Tiriyó of Surinam crush and boil the plant and use the resulting decoction to treat headaches, sprains, rheumatism, muscular pains and bruises. The Wayana, also of Surinam, grind the bark and apply it raw to a particular rash known to them as poispoisi. The bracts are crushed to release the sap, which is then applied into the ear canal to relieve earaches. The decoction from the inflorescence, boiled whole, is credited with antitussive qualities and used as a whooping cough remedy and more generally to treat respiratory tract infections, as are decoctions of the leaves of ssp. barcellana.^[3]

It also contains dimethyltryptamine, though as suggested by the use native peoples make of it probably not in quantities to render it strongly psychedelic.

See also

• Psychedelic plants

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b} USDA (2006)
2. ^ Rodríguez-Flores & Stiles (2005)
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f} DeFilipps et al. (2004): p.247
4. ^ ^{a b} Balée (1994): p.105

References

• Balée, William (1994): Footprints of the Forest: Ka'apor Ethnobotany – the Historical Ecology of Plant Utilization by an Amazonian People. Columbia University Press, New York.
• DeFilipps, R.A.; Maina, S.L. & Crepin, J. (2004): Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. PDF fulltext
• Rodríguez-Flores, Claudia Isabel & Stiles, F. Gary (2005): Análisis ecomorfológico de una comunidad de colibríes ermitaños (Trochilidae, Phaetorninae) y sus flores en la Amazonia colombiana. [Ecomorphological analysis of a community of hermit hummingbirds (Trochilidae, Phaethorninae) and their flowers in Colombian Amazonia]. Ornitología Colombiana 3: 7-27 [Spanish with English abstract]. PDF fulltext
• United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2006): Germplasm Resources Information Network – Psychotria poeppigiana Müll. Arg.. Version of 2006-AUG-21. Retrieved 2008-DEC-21.

External links

Images:

• (www.b-rainforest.de) – Psychotria poeppigiana
• (ppbio.inpa.gov.br) – Psychotria poeppigiana