- Tribunals in the United Kingdom
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The tribunal system of the United Kingdom is part of the national system of administrative justice with tribunals classed as non-departmental public bodies (NDPBs).[1] Though it has grown up on an ad hoc basis since the beginning of the twentieth century, from 2007 reforms were put in place to build a unified system with recognised judicial authority, routes of appeal and regulatory supervision.
Contents
History
Early twentieth century (1911–1945)
The UK tribunal system can be seen as beginning with the coming into force of the National Insurance Act 1911 which provided for adjudication of disputes by administrative agencies. During the twentieth century, UK government ministers acquired more and more power and were vested with decisions that affected the day to day life of citizens.[2]
Post World War II (1945–1957)
In 1954, the government was embarrassed by the Crichel Down affair which focused public fears about maladministration and the abuse of executive authority. The magnitude and complexity of ministerial decisions had caused many such decisions gradually to be delegated to a growing number of tribunals and in 1955, the government used the debate created by Crichel Down to order a committee under Sir Oliver Franks to report on administrative tribunals and inquiries, though not ministerial decisions of the kind that Crichel Down had exposed.[3]
The Franks Report was published in July 1957 and its principle effect was to move tribunals from an executive and administrative model towards a judicial footing. Franks idenitified three principles for the operation of tribunals:[3]
- Openness;
- Fairness; and
- Impartiality.
Take openness. If these procedures were wholly secret, the basis of confidence and acceptability would be lacking. Next take fairness. If the objector were not allowed to state his case, there would be nothing to stop oppression. Thirdly, there is impartiality. How can a citizen be satisfied unless he feels that those who decide his case come to their decisions with open minds?[3]
Council on Tribunals (1958–2007)
The report resulted in the Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1958 which established the Council on Tribunals, which started work in 1959.[3]
The Council's principal responsibilities were to:[4][5]
- Keep under review the constitution and working of the [stipulated] tribunals ... and, from time to time, to report on their constitution and working;
- Consider and report on matters referred to the Council under the Act with respect to tribunals other than the ordinary courts of law, whether or not [stipulated]; and
- Consider and report on matters referred to the Council, or matters the Council may consider to be of special importance, with respect to administrative procedures which involve or may involve the holding of a statutory inquiry by or on behalf of a Minister.
Scotland
The Scottish ministers appointed two or three Council members and three or four non-members to a Scottish Committee of which the Parliamentary Ombudsman and the Scottish Public Services Ombudsman were ex officio members.[4]
The Scottish Council supervised certain tribunals operating in Scotland and had the right to be consulted by the Council before any report about a Scottish tribunal or, in some cases, the right to report themselves to the Scottish ministers.[4]
Northern Ireland
The Council had no authority to deal with any matter over which the Parliament of Northern Ireland had power to make laws.[4]
Reform (1988–2007)
Tribunals had long been criticised. Lord Scarman had seen them as a danger to the prestige of the judiciary and the authority of the ordinary law.[6][7] In 1988 there were calls for an Administrative Review Council to provide independent scrutiny on the Australian model but such ideas were rejected.[8]
Though the system was little altered by the Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992, at the start of the twenty first century there were further calls for reform that led to the creation of the Tribunals Service in 2006, as an executive agency to manage and administer tribunals, and to the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007.[9][10]
Reformed tribunal structure
The Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 created a new unified structure for tribunals and recognises legally qualified members of tribunals as members of the judiciary of the United Kingdom who are guaranteed continued judicial independence.[11]
The Act created two new tribunals to which pre-existing jurisdictions were transferred: namely a First-tier Tribunal and an Upper Tribunal. The tribunals are divided into several "chambers", grouped around broad subject headings. All legally-qualified members take the title of judge. There is a right of appeal on a question of law from the First-tier to the Upper Tribunal and some limited jurisdiction for judicial review. The Upper Tribunal is a senior court of record. There is a right of appeal to the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland or Court of Session (Scotland).[12]
The Act created the office of Senior President of Tribunals, appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Lord Chancellor.[12] Lord Justice Carnwath was appointed as the first holder of the post on 12 November 2007.[13][14]
Chambers are created flexibly by the Lord Chancellor in consultation with the Senior President of Tribunals and each has its own Chamber President.[12] There is a Tribunals Procedure Committee to which the first transitional appointments were made on 19 May 2008.[15]
Tribunal judgments carry a right to a warrant of execution or entry on the Register of Judgments, Orders and Fines and no longer require to be registered in the County Court or High Court.[12]
However, many tribunals still lie outside the new system.
Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council
On 1 November 2007, the Council on Tribunals was abolished and replaced by the Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council.[16] At the same time, 107 existing tribunals were transferred to the supervision of the Council.[17]
See also
- List of tribunals in the United Kingdom
- Franks Report (1957)
References
- ^ Bradley & Ewing (2003) p.292
- ^ Bradley & Ewing (2003) pp. 668–669
- ^ a b c d "Origins and history". Council on Tribunals archive site. Ministry of Justice. 2007. http://www.council-on-tribunals.gov.uk/about/origins.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
- ^ a b c d "Functions and constitution". Council on Tribunals archive site. Ministry of Justice. 2007. http://www.council-on-tribunals.gov.uk/about/functions.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
- ^ Tribunals and Enquiries Act 1992, s.1
- ^ Bradley & Ewing (2003) p.668
- ^ Scarman (1975)
- ^ Bradley & Ewing (2003) p.676
- ^ Leggatt (2001)
- ^ Department of Constitutional Affairs (2004)
- ^ Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, s.1, Constitutional Reform Act 2005, s.3
- ^ a b c d "Explanatory Notes to Tribunals, Courts And Enforcement Act 2007". Office of Public Service Information. 2007. http://www.england-legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts2007/en/ukpgaen_20070015_en_1. Retrieved 2008-03-05. "paras.35-280"
- ^ "Senior President hails the quiet evolution of Tribunals". Judicial Communications Office. 20 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-02-06. http://web.archive.org/web/20080206214539/http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/publications_media/media_releases/2007/3707.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
- ^ "Latest News - 12 November 2007". Tribunals Service. 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-02-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20080208191319/http://www.tribunals.gov.uk/latestnews.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
- ^ Membership of the Tribunal Procedure Committee Transitional Order 2008 SI 2008/1149
- ^ Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, ss.44–45/ Sch.7; SI 2007/2709, para.3
- ^ Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council (Listed Tribunals) Order 2007, SI 2007/2951
Bibliography
- Bradley, A.W. & Ewing, K.D. (2003). Constitutional and Administrative Law (13th ed.). London: Longman. pp. 668–676. ISBN 0-582-43807-1.
- Department of Constitutional Affairs (2004). "Transforming Public Services: Complaints, Redress and Tribunals". http://www.dca.gov.uk/pubs/adminjust/transformfull.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
- Franks, O. (1957) Report of the Committee on Administrative Tribunals and Enquiries, Cmnd. 218, 5s
- Jackson, R. M. & Spencer, J. R. (1989). Jackson's Machinery of Justice. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. Ch.14 "The Franks Committee". ISBN 0521317673. http://books.google.com/?id=-t6RzJj71GMC. (Google Books)
- Leggatt, A. (2001). "Tribunals for Users - One System, One Service". Department for Constitutional Affairs. http://www.tribunals-review.org.uk/leggatthtm/leg-00.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
- Marshall, G. (1957). "The Franks Report on Administrative Tribunals and Enquiries". Public Administration 35 (4): 347–358. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1957.tb01316.x.
- Scarman, L. (1975). English Law: The New Dimension (Hamlyn Lectures, 26th series). London: Stevens. ISBN 0420447008.
Categories:- Law in the United Kingdom
- United Kingdom administrative law
- United Kingdom tribunals
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