- USS American Legion (APA-17)
USS "American Legion" (APA-17) was a sclass|Harris|attack transport that served with the
US Navy duringWorld War II .A steel-hulled, twin-screw passenger and cargo
steamship , the vessel was laid down as "Badger State" on10 January 1919 under aUnited States Shipping Board (USSB) contract atCamden, New Jersey , by theNew York Shipbuilding Corporation and launched on11 October 1919 . Delivered to the USSB upon completion15 July 1921 , she was renamed "American Legion".Commercial service
For over four years, "American Legion" remained in the hands of the Federal Government, under the auspices of the USSB. However, on
18 December 1925 , as part of a "package deal" which involved the sale of the liners "American Legion", "Southern Cross", "Pan America", and "Western World", the government sold these ships to theMunson Line for operation on theNew York -to-South America run. For the next fourteen years, "American Legion" and her running-mates were familiar sights on that particular passenger-and-cargo route, until financial difficulties forced foreclosure of the Munson Line on13 March 1939 . She was then laid up in thePatuxent River .Army troopship service
Her enforced idleness did not last long. A little under three months after the German invasion of
Poland , triggering World War II in Europe, theMaritime Commission (the successor to the USSB) transferred "American Legion" to the War Department on28 November 1939 for use as atroop transport . On19 December 1939 , the ship was formally transferred, and taken to New York for rehabilitation and conversion by theAtlantic Basin Iron Works ofBrooklyn, New York ."American Legion" departed
New York City early in February 1940, on her maiden voyage, bound forPanama . Over the next few months, the ship made five round-trip voyages to theCanal Zone , with stops atCharleston, South Carolina , andSan Juan, Puerto Rico , carrying civilian and military passengers. The worsening situation in Europe, though, soon resulted in the ship's receiving a special mission.Vital mission to Petsamo
President
Franklin D. Roosevelt directed that "American Legion" leave New York immediately and proceed toPetsamo ,Finland . There, she was to embark the Crown Princess Märtha of Norway, and her party, to bring them to theUnited States , their homeland having fallen to the Germans the previous spring. Further, as ActingSecretary of State Sumner Welles reported to the United States Minister inSweden , the President also desired that Mrs. J. Borden Harriman, the former American Minister toNorway , return in the same vessel. The transport would "likewise bring back to this country such Americans inScandinavia n countries as can be accommodated and as may not be able to return safely in any other way.""American Legion" - her neutrality shown clearly by the U.S. flags painted prominently on her sides - sailed for Finland on 25 July, and reached Petsamo on 6 August, as scheduled. On the 15th, she embarked Crown Princess Märtha of Norway, and her three children, the Princesses Ragnhild and Astrid, and Prince Harald. The Army troopship also embarked a host of American nationals and
refugee s from a variety of countries: Finland,Estonia ,Latvia ,Lithuania , Sweden, Norway,Denmark , Germany, and theNetherlands , the total number of people being 897. Among the passengers was a young Danish comedian and musician,Victor Borge . The American Legation inStockholm, Sweden , also consented to the embarkation of 15 "prominent nationals of American republics...including the Mexican minister..."Unbeknownst to probably all but a handful of individuals, "American Legion" also took on board an important cargo during her brief stay at Petsamo. Before she sailed on the 16th, after an almost Herculean effort involving taking this special cargo by truck the entire length of Sweden, the transport loaded a twin-mount 40-millimeter Bofors antiaircraft gun, "equipped with standard sight, and accompanied by spare parts and 3,000 rounds of ammunition." The State Department had obtained the cooperation of no less than three governments to make possible the shipment of the Bofors gun: British, Swedish, and Finnish. The move had been made none too soon, for "American Legion" was the last neutral ship permitted to leave Petsamo.
"American Legion" sailed for the United States on 16 August, and reached New York, 12 days later, escorted the final leg of the voyage by several American
destroyer s. The transport unloaded the Bofors brought from Petsamo, whence it was shipped toDahlgren, Virginia , where it would be tested, and ultimately adopted by the US Navy and produced domestically. Its installation in Americanwarship s from late 1942 proved a significant upgrading to theantiaircraft capability of the ships of the US Navy.Other transport missions
"American Legion" soon returned to the more prosaic calling she had pursued since earlier in the year, that of an Army transport, and resumed the regularly-scheduled service between New York and the
Panama Canal Zone. Ultimately, as the United States expanded her defense perimeter, "American Legion" supported this movement, transporting men and cargo to such ports asHamilton, Bermuda , andPort-of-Spain ,Trinidad , as well as to Cristóbal, in the Canal Zone.As the United States began assuming a greater share of the Battle of the Atlantic, to aid the hard-pressed British, the 6th Marine Regiment was taken to
Iceland , where it relieved a British garrison of defense duties. A second troop and supply movement followed. "American Legion" from New York on27 July 1941 , as part of a convoy which included within its escort the aircraft carrier USS|Wasp|CV-7."American Legion" - whose cargo included Army Air Corps gear earmarked for use by the 33rd Pursuit Squadron (whose Curtis P-40 fighters were flown off from "Wasp") - reached
Reykjavik, Iceland , on 6 August. Unable to enter the inner harbor because of her deep draft, "American Legion" discharged her cargo and disembarked her passengers intotank lighter s andmotor launch es over the days that followed, the cargo movement facilitated by marines and sailors from the ships.Navy commission
Having delivered the men and goods to Reykjavik, the convoy sailed on the 12th with its heavy escort and reached New York on 21 August. The next day, "American Legion" was acquired by the Navy and classified as a transport, AP-35. She was placed in commission on the afternoon of
26 August 1941 , Comdr. Thomas D. Warner in command."American Legion", having shed her white Army transport livery for a more businesslike and somber dark gray, was towed to Pier 3, Army Transport Service Pier of Embarkation,
Brooklyn , by fourtug s, on 12 September, and commenced taking on cargo that afternoon. Shortly before noon the following day, she began embarking civilian passengers for her maiden voyage as a Navy transport.Transport missions
Underway for the
Gravesend Bay Explosive Anchorage soon afterwards, "American Legion" loaded a cargo ofammunition - under the supervision of a detail of Coast Guardsmen from USCGC "Arundel" - early that afternoon, and, after loading the balance of the cargo the following day, weighed anchor for Charleston, South Carolina, at 1412. She reached her destination on the afternoon of 18 September.There, she embarked contingents of troops slated for
garrison duties, and sailed forBermuda on the morning of the 19th. On the afternoon of the 22nd, as she neared her destination, her local escort - two Army planes - arrived overhead and accompanied the ship on the last leg of her voyage. Ultimately, at 1945 on 22 September, she moored in Hamilton harbor. She disembarked troops the following morning, and, the following afternoon, sailed forPuerto Rico ."American Legion" reached San Juan three days later, mooring at Pier 7, Puerto Rico Dock Company, shortly after noon. There, she debarked civilian passengers as well as 33 Army officers and 176 men, and embarked passengers for the rest of the voyage. Underway on the afternoon of 29 September, the transport reached "Ceriseport" - the code name for St. John's, Antigua - the next morning. The ship there discharged more cargo and took on board another group of passengers on 2 October before she sailed on the morning of 4 October for Puerto Rico.
Taken in tow after breakdown
"American Legion" returned once more to San Juan on 98 October, mooring at 0956 and disembarking naval enlisted passengers brought from Trinidad. Once more, her turnaround was comparatively swift, for she was underway again on the morning of 10 October, bound for Hamilton. late that afternoon, though, the ship's port main engine and steering engine proved troublesome. As "American Legion" limped back to San Juan, two Navy tugs came out to assist, as did the
lighthouse tender , USCGC "Acacia". Ultimately, though, it was the smallseaplane tender USS|Thrush|AVP-3 that came to the rescue, passing a line to the crippled transport at 1650 and taking her in tow back to San Juan.Following repairs, "American Legion" sailed for Hamilton on the morning of 18 October. Anchoring in
Murray's Anchorage on the morning of the 21st, she embarked New York-bound passengers and took departure the same day. Ultimately, on 23 October, "American Legion" reached Pier 2, Army Base, Brooklyn, and disembarked her passengers - civilian workers and naval dependents evacuated from Puerto Rico. Underway soon afterwards, the transport anchored offStaten Island that same afternoon.Overhaul and repairs
"American Legion" weighed anchor on the morning of the 24th and moored at the
New York Navy Yard . Initially slated for repair work at the Morse Dry Dock Company,Brooklyn , the transport was taken, instead, to theBethlehem Steel Company yard in Brooklyn, for completion of an overhaul. She remained there into January 1942.Assigned to the Naval Transportation Service (NTS) on 6 February "American Legion" embarked men slated for duty at a destroyer base being established at
Londonderry, Northern Ireland , and sailed, in convoy, on the first leg of her voyage, bound for Halifax. Engineering difficulties, however, soon came to the fore again, and "engineering unreliability" caused her to be sent to theBoston Navy Yard for repairs. Accordingly, escorted by USS|Nicholson|DD-442 and USS|Lea|DD-118, "American Legion" reachedBoston on 4 March after a two-day passage fromNova Scotia . Ultimately deemed ready for service one more, "American Legion" reported for duty with the NTS on28 March 1942 .Transfer to Pacific Theatre
On
9 April 1942 , "American Legion" sailed from New York for the Panama Canal Zone, bound, ultimately, forTongatapu , in theTonga , orFriendly Islands , which she reached on8 May 1942 . There she disembarked her passengers - Army officers, nurses, and enlisted men who were to establish a field hospital on Tongatapu - and proceeded on toWellington, New Zealand , arriving there on 29 May. "American Legion" remained at Wellington through mid-July, earmarked for participation in the United States' first offensive landing operation in thePacific War - the invasion ofGuadalcanal , in the Solomons.Invasion of Guadalcanal
Three days before she was to sail from Wellington, she received an augmentation of her antiaircraft battery - a dozen
Oerlikon 20 mm cannon . Under the direction of the ship's executive officer, Comdr. Ratcliffe C. Welles, and thegunnery officer, Lt. Comdr. Elmore S. Pettyjohn, USNR, "American Legion"'s ship's force installed the battery on the ship's former sun deck in 48 hours, laboring continuously in inclement weather and having the battery in firing order by the time the ship upped-anchor and sailed on 18 July. Rendezvousing with TF-44 on the following day, the transport, with elements of the 5th Marine Division embarked, proceeded toKoro , in theFiji Islands , for rehearsals forOperation Watchtower . During that training and practice evolution, the ship embarked war correspondentRichard Tregaskis , whose experiences would later be chronicled in the book, "Guadalcanal Diary ".Assigned to Task Group "X-ray", ten attack transports and five
attack cargo ship s, "American Legion" proceeded thence to the Solomon Islands. On the morning of7 August 1942 , she went togeneral quarters at 0545 and manned "ship to shore" stations fifteen minutes later. At 0614, attendingcruiser s and destroyers opened fire on thebeachhead s, softening up the beaches for the impending landing. "American Legion" and USS|Fuller|AP-14 soon landed the first troops to go ashore on Guadalcanal.That afternoon, while the landings proceeded apace, "American Legion" joined in the antiaircraft barrage that repelled the initial Japanese air attacks on the invasion fleet, as she did the next day. Discharging cargo at "Red" Beach on the morning of 8 August, the transport got underway as a wave of Japanese twin-engined
bomber s came after the shipping off Guadalcanal. At noon, "American Legion" sighted the incoming planes, which dropped theirbomb s near the supporting cruisers and destroyers before heading toward the amphibious ships.During the action, one Mitsubishi G4M1 Type 97 land attack plane ("Betty") passed from
starboard toport directly over "American Legion"'s stern, at convert|100|ft|m. Theaft er 20-millimeter guns and .50-caliber machine guns - as well as the larger convert|3|in|mm|sing=on guns - all opened up in a deadly fusillade, while men on board the transport could see the Japanese aircrew manning their own machine guns to sweep the decks with gunfire. Some of this return fire fatally wounded Seaman 1st Class Charles Kaplan. Riddled from practically all quarters, the "Betty" crashed into the water close aboard on the port quarter.Rescue mission
"American Legion", still lay off "Red" Beach in the predawn hours of the 9th, too, and began observing heavy gunfire commencing at 0148 to the northwestward. Lookouts also saw flares and tracers, with parachute flares brightly lighting up the area to the northeastward. Transport Group "X-ray" ceased discharging cargo and darkened ship, remaining shut down for the rest of the night, crews at general quarters. "American Legion"'s men did not know it at the time, but they were witnessing the disastrous
Battle of Savo Island , in which three Americanheavy cruiser s were sunk, one American heavy cruiser damaged and anAustralia n heavy cruiser sunk.The next morning, the transport began embarking survivors from the sunken heavy cruiser USS|Quincy|CA-39 and from the destroyer USS|Ellet|DD-398, completing the transfer by 1400. Within a half hour, "American Legion" got underway, the majority of her cargo having been unloaded by her busy boat crews who had labored almost continuously since the 7th with almost no sleep and subsisting only on sandwiches and coffee. She left behind one officer and 19 enlisted men as part of the burgeoning naval base at Guadalcanal, having transferred them on the evening of the 8th.
"American Legion", with the rest of the amphibious ships of TF 62, then proceeded to
Nouméa ,New Caledonia , which she reached on 13 August. Soon afterwards she transferred her "Quincy" survivors to the auxiliary USS|Argonne|AG-31 and the transport USS|Wharton|AP-7.upply runs
Over the next several months, "American Legion" carried out a series of supply runs, including as ports of call Guadalcanal;
Tulagi ;Auckland, New Zealand ; Nouméa;Brisbane, Australia ; andEspiritu Santo , in theNew Hebrides . She arrived at Brisbane on New Year's Day 1943 and sailed soon afterwards forMelbourne , Australia; thence she proceeded toTongatapu ,Pago Pago , Espiritu Santo, and Guadalcanal. Early in this period, on1 February 1943 , the ship was reclassified to an attack transport APA-17. She then carried out a series of training landings atUpolu ,American Samoa , between 9 April and10 May 1943 , and then later at New Zealand, atPaikaiariki , between 13 and 16 June. While there, a landing accident claimed the lives of one officer and nine enlisted men when one of "American Legion"'s landing boats capsized in a heavy surf.Invasion of Bougainville
Troop and cargo runs then followed, between Auckland, New Zealand; Nouméa, New Caledonia; and Guadalcanal, before she put into
Efate , in the New Hebrides, on22 October 1943 , in preparation for the invasion of Bougainville, Solomon Islands.Arriving off
Cape Torokina , Bougainville, on the morning of1 November 1943 , "American Legion" proceeded into the earmarked transport area inEmpress Augusta Bay and anchored at 0646. Japanese planes arriving in the vicinity prompted the ships to get underway, the transport's men observing Aichi D3A2 Type 99 "Val" carrier attack planes attacking nearby destroyers and losing two or three of their number in the process. "Zeke" (Mitsubishi A6M "Zero") fighters then strafed the beach area; sinking anLCPL from "American Legion".Temporarily grounded
Securing from general quarters at 0937, "American Legion" anchored in the transport area a few moments later, observers on board noting beaches Red 2 and 3 littered with broached landing craft, two LCMs and four
LCVP s from "American Legion" among them. Ordered to cease unloading off Beach Red 2 and to proceed to Beach Blue 3, the transport got underway and proceeded thence, soon noting the presence ofshoal water . At 1246, the ship's war diary recounts "several slight shocks to hull" as "American Legion" grounded. Ten minutes later, enemy planes were reported approaching, as the ship began using her engines in an attempt to work herself free of her predicament. While the other ships in the task unit got underway and stood out, "American Legion" remained fast aground. The ship, assisted in the effort by USS|Sioux|AT-75 and USS|Apache|AT-67, fired on "Vals" attacking the beachhead, and eventually worked free by 1506. After standing out to sea during the night, the transport returned to the transport area the following morning and completed discharging cargo.Following the landings at
Cape Torokina , "American Legion" returned to the United States via Pago Pago,Samoa , and reachedSan Francisco on8 December 1943 , having traveled convert|83140|nmi|km mi since leaving New York the previous spring. She then underwent repairs at San Francisco into the spring of 1944.Amphibious warfare training ship
Departing San Francisco on
12 April 1944 , "American Legion" proceeded toSan Diego where she became part of the Transport Training Division, Amphibious Training, Pacific. Based at the Amphibious Training Case atCoronado, California , "American Legion" operated in the training capacity for the duration of World War II, exercising off Coronado, offAliso Canyon , nearOceanside, California , and the Marine Corps Base,Camp Pendleton , and atPyramid Cove , nearSan Clemente Island .Departing San Diego on
7 September 1945 , "American Legion" proceeded to San Francisco, stopping there only briefly before sailing on 11 September forPearl Harbor andGuam . Returning to San Pedro on 24 October, "American Legion" sailed for her second Pacific voyage on 8 November, bound for thePhilippines . After calling atManila andTacloban , the veteran transport returned to the United States, reaching San Francisco on12 December 1945 .Decommission
Clearing that port for the last time on
6 March 1946 , she reachedOlympia, Washington , on the 9th. She was decommissioned there on28 March 1946 and was turned over to theWar Shipping Administration for disposal. Her name was struck from theNaval Vessel Register the same day. She was ultimately sold for scrap on5 February 1948 to Zidell Ship Dismantling Company, ofPortland, Oregon .Awards
"American Legion" was awarded two
battle star s for her World War II service.References
* [http://funsite.unc.edu/hyperwar/USN/ships/dafs/APA/apa17.html USS "American Legion" (AP-35/APA-17)] , DANFS entry from the "Hyperwar" website.
* [http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/auxil/ap35.txt USS "American Legion" (APA-17)] , DANFS Online.
* [http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/03/03017.htm APA-17 "American Legion"] , Navsource Online.
* [http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-a/ap35.htm More photos] , from DANFS
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