Bernhard Müller

Bernhard Müller
Bernhard Müller, or Count de Leon

Count de Leon
Born March 21, 1788(1788-03-21)
Kostheim, Germany
Died August 29, 1834(1834-08-29) (aged 46)
Grand Ecore
Natchitoches Parish
Louisiana, United States
Residence Monaca, Beaver County
Pennsylvania
Occupation Religious colonizer
Religion Christian
Spouse Elisa Heuser Leon, or Countess Leon
Children Johanna Schardt, Joseph Maximilian, and Anna Stahl Muller (or Leon)

Bernhard Müller, known as Count de Leon (born March 21, 1788,[1] Kostheim, Germany - died August 29, 1834, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana), was a German Christian mystic and alchemist of uncertain origins.

Müller wrote to the Harmony Society (and other communes in the United States as well as numerous leaders in Europe) in 1829 proclaiming himself to be the "Lion of Judah" and a prophet in possession of the Philosopher's stone. As well as giving himself numerous fictitious names and titles, like Count de Leon, Archduke Maximilian von Este, and Proli, he claimed that he and his followers were the true Philadelphians and were ready to make a home for themselves with the Harmonites in Old Economy, Pennsylvania. The Harmonites, being religious searchers looking for a hopeful sign, and eager to justify their own religious prophesies, agreed to the visit, and in 1831, Müller arrived with his entourage of forty people (including a Dr. Göntgen.) Soon, Müller and the Harmony Society's leader, George Rapp, grew tired of each other and began to argue. Sensing the dissatisfaction that some Harmonites were feeling towards the Society's custom of celibacy, Müller was able to use that to his advantage and get about a third of the Harmonites to be on his side in the ensuing argument. However, the majority of the Society decided to keep George Rapp as their leader. In the end, a settlement was reached with the dissenters, and all who wished to leave the Harmony Society during the schism were given $105,000 as a group.

In 1832, after leaving Old Economy, Pennsylvania, with about 250 former Harmony Society members, Bernhard Müller and his followers started a new community in Phillipsburg (now Monaca, Pennsylvania) with the money they obtained in the compromise with the Harmony Society. Here they established the New Philadelphian Congregation of the New Philadelphia Society, having constructed a church, a hotel, and other buildings. They renamed this community Löwenburg (Lion City). However, the Harmony Society soon made legal claims against the New Philadelphia Society. Perhaps because of ongoing litigation, and other financial problems, Müller's group decided to sell their communal land in Pennsylvania in 1833. Some community members stayed in Monaca in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, while others followed Müller and his family down the Ohio River on a flatboat. Soon they started a new colony at Grand Ecore, Louisiana, twelve miles north of Natchitoches; and there, in August, 1834, Müller died of yellow fever or cholera and was interred in Natchitoches Parish.

A number of his followers remained in Louisiana and practiced communal living for some years after that. When Müller died, a congressman successfully proposed a bill donating a tract of land to his followers, and Germantown Colony, was formed.[2]

In 1835, the remaining group, led by Müller's widow, Countess Leon, moved from Grand Ecore to a place that is now called Germantown, which is located seven miles (11 km) northeast of Minden, in what was then Claiborne Parish.[3] Here, all property was owned in common and observance of religious principles was required. Though the colony was not very large, only about thirty-five people, it worked together and prospered.

The Civil War led to the end of the Germantown Colony, partially because of their disapproval of the war and the financial losses they suffered as a small pacifistic community during wartime, and because of the economic hardships of the war era in general. The colony disbanded in 1871, after nearly four decades of operating on a communal basis, and then Webster Parish was created from Claiborne Parish.[4] The Countess then moved to Hot Springs in Garland County, Arkansas, where she died in 1881.[3] The preservation of the Louisiana settlement is maintained by the Germantown Colony and Museum, now operated by the State of Louisiana.

Not long after Müller and his closest followers left Monaca, Pennsylvania, in 1833, a new religious speaker named William Keil showed up in that area in the early 1840s. Keil was able to attract some followers who were former Harmony Society and New Philadelphia Society members, and his group eventually moved away and settled the communal town of Bethel, Missouri, in 1844. By 1850, Bethel had a population of 650. However, the construction of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad threatened Keil's theocracy. From 1853 to 1856, Keil led his followers westward over the Oregon Trail, and eventually settled the town of Aurora, Oregon. Keil died in 1877, and his community was dissolved in 1883.

The Harmony Society, on the other hand, in Old Economy Village, Pennsylvania, lasted until 1905. It was dissolved in 1906.

Images

See also

References

  1. ^ Louisiana Historical Association, Dictionary of Louisiana Biography [1]
  2. ^ "Minden Germantown Colony", The Advocate (Baton Rouge, La.), August 14, 1987 [2]
  3. ^ a b David James, III, "Germantown: Once Thriving and Socialistic", Minden Press, July 7, 1958, pp. 1-2
  4. ^ "Respect for the Past, Confidence in the Future", Webster Parish Centennial, 1871-1971, pp. 13-14

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужно решить контрольную?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Bernhard Müller — ist der Name folgender Personen: Bernhard Müller (Maler) (1880–1965), deutscher Maler Bernhard Müller (SPD) (1887–1970), deutscher Politiker (SPD) Bernhard Müller (CDU) (* 1905), baden württembergischer Landtagsabgeordneter und Kontaktmann der… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Bernhard Müller-Feyen — (* 1931 in Adenau; † August 2004 ebenda) war ein deutscher Künstler, Bildhauer und Lehrer. Biografie Bernhard Müller Feyen wurde 1931 in der Eifelstadt Adenau geboren. Die Kunst hatte in seiner Familie keinen hohen Stellenwert.Der Bruder seiner… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Bernhard Müller (SPÖ) — Bernhard Müller, Bürgermeister von Wiener Neustadt Bernhard Müller (* 7. Juli 1973 in Wiener Neustadt) ist SPÖ Politiker, Autor und seit 2005 Bürgermeister von Wiener Neustadt. Leben Nach der Matura an der Handelsakademie Wiener Neustadt… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Bernhard Müller-Hülsebusch — (* 1937 in Rosenheim) ist ein deutscher Journalist und Buchautor. Müller Hülsebusch studierte Geschichte und Literatur in München und Wien. Von 1972 bis 1981 war er Spiegel Korrespondent in Rom und arbeitet seither als freier Journalist für… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Bernhard Müller (Politiker) — Bernhard Müller (* 20. Februar 1887 in Süderschwei Achterstadt; † 1. Dezember 1970 in Oldenburg) war ein deutscher Politiker. Müller war als Fuhrmann in Elsfleth tätig. Als Abgeordneter der SPD gehörte er von der ersten Sitzung am 30. Januar 1946 …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Bernhard Müller (SPD) — Bernhard Müller (* 20. Februar 1887 in Süderschwei Achterstadt, heute zu Schwei; † 1. Dezember 1970 in Oldenburg) war ein deutscher Politiker. Müller war als Fuhrmann in Elsfleth tätig. Als Abgeordneter der SPD gehörte er von der ersten Sitzung… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Müller (Familienname) — Bekannte Namensträger: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Müller ist mit seinen Varianten …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Bernhard Welte — (* 31. März 1906 in Meßkirch; † 6. September 1983 in Freiburg im Breisgau) war Professor für Christliche Religionsphilosophie in Freiburg. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 2 Würdigungen 3 Grun …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Bernhard Hoetger — um 1924 auf einer Fotografie von Nicola Perscheid Bernhard Hoetger (* 4. Mai 1874 in Hörde; † 18. Juli 1949 in Interlaken) war ein deutscher Bildhauer, Maler und Kunsthandwerke …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Bernhard: Das literarische Werk und distanzierte Leben des österreichischen Schriftstellers —   Vom Tod her. ..   Der österreichische Schriftsteller Thomas Bernhard starb am 12. Februar 1989 in Gmunden am Traunsee an den Folgen einer schweren Herzattacke. Dies war das Ende eines vierzigjährigen Kampfes mit der Krankheit, gegen… …   Universal-Lexikon

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”