Massacre of the Ninth Legion

Massacre of the Ninth Legion
Date 60 or 61 Location unknown site, near Camulodunum Result British victory
Belligerents
Roman Empire	Iceni, Trinovantes, and other British tribes
Commanders and leaders
Quintus Petillius Cerialis	Boudica ?
Strength
2,500	Unknown, possibly 10,000 +
Casualties and losses
c. 2,000	Unknown

The Massacre of the Ninth Legion refers to the defeat of a large vexillation of the Legio IX Hispana during the revolt against Roman rule in Britain launched by Boudica, queen of the Iceni of Norfolk. Attempting to relieve the besieged colonia of Camulodunum (Colchester, Essex), legionaries of the Legio IX Hispana led by Quintus Petillius Cerialis, were attacked by a horde of British tribes, led by the Iceni. Approximately 80% of the Romans soldiers were killed in the battle. The event is recorded by the historian Tacitus in his Annals.^[1]

Background

In AD 60 or 61, the southeastern area of the island rose in revolt under Boudica, while the governor, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, was campaigning in Wales. The Iceni were joined by the Trinovantes, and their first target was Camulodunum, formerly the Trinovantian capital, now a colonia or settlement of discharged Roman soldiers. Tacitus reports it was poorly defended, and archaeology confirms its former military fortifications had been levelled by this time.^[2] The colonists appealed for aid to the procurator, Catus Decianus, who sent only two hundred auxiliaries. Camulodunum was burned, and the temple, where the last of the defenders took refuge, fell after a two-day siege.

Defeat of the Ninth Legion

The general area where the battle is thought to have taken place, near Camulodunum.

The Ninth Legion, commanded by Quintus Petillius Cerialis, attempted to relieve the siege. It is unlikely that the entire legionary strength of some 5,000 men was involved in the battle. Detachments of the legion were spread out across a network of small forts; on short notice, Cerialis was likely able to call on only the first cohort, possibly two others, auxiliary infantry, and a unit of some 500 cavalry - a total of perhaps 2,500 men. They may have taken the Roman road to Camulodunum from Durovigtum (Godmanchester, Cambridgeshire), a march of some 75 miles which would have taken three days.^[3] However, they arrived too late to relieve the colonia. The British tribes fought the legion in the field and defeated it, routing the Romans. Tacitus says their entire infantry strength was wiped out, with only Cerialis and his cavalry escaping to their fortified camp. Despite this significant event, the battle is not recorded in any large detail. The location of the battle is claimed by both the village of Great Wratting, in Suffolk and a village in Essex.^[4]

Aftermath

Main article: Legio IX Hispana

The legion was later reinforced with legionaries from the Germania provinces. Around AD 71 they constructed a new fortress at York (Eboracum), as shown by finds of tile-stamps from the site.^[5]

It is often said that the legion disappeared in Britain about 117 CE.^[6][7] However, the names of several high ranking officers of the Ninth are known who probably served with the legion after ca. 120 (e.g., Lucius Aemilius Karus, governor of Arabia in 142/143), which suggests that the legion continued in existence after this date. It has been suggested that the legion may have been destroyed during the Bar Kochba Revolt in Iudaea Province, or possibly in the ongoing conflict with the Parthian Empire but there is no firm evidence for this.^[8]

That the fate of the 9th was settled somewhere in the East, following a strategic transfer, rather than being lost in a British catastrophe, has now become the preferred scenario, although ultimately the evidence for this is rather insubstantial. The last testified activity of the Ninth in Britain is during the rebuilding in stone of the legionary fortress at York (Eboracum) in 108 CE. Its subsequent movements remain unknown, but there is crucial evidence, in the form of two stamped tiles, of the Legion's presence at Nijmegen (Noviomagus) in the Netherlands, which had been evacuated by X Gemina.^[9] As these were stamped by the legion, and not by a vexillation of the legion, they cannot relate to the known presence of a sub unit of the legion on the Rhine frontier during the mid 80s when the emperor Domitian was fighting his war against the Chatti. In a recently published analysis of the limited evidence available, Miles Russell senior lecturer in Roman Archaeology at Bournemouth University, concludes that "by far the most plausible answer to the question "what happened to the Ninth" is that they fought and died in Britain, disappearing in the late 110s or early 120s when the province was in disarray".^[10][11]

See also

• Centurion, a 2010 British movie which centered on the supposed disappearance of the Ninth Legion in Caledonia in AD 117.
• The Eagle, a 2011 film on a similar topic.

References

1. ^ Tacitus, Annals 14:29, 31-32
2. ^ Graham Webster, Boudica: the British Revolt against Rome AD 60, 1978, pp. 89-90
3. ^ Webster 1978, pp. 90-91
4. ^ "Haverhill From the Iron Age to 1899". St. Edmundsbury Borough Council. http://www.stedmundsbury.gov.uk/sebc/visit/hh-to-1899.cfm. 
5. ^ Wright, R. P. (1978). "Tile-Stamps of the Ninth Legion found in Britain". Britannia 9: 379–382. JSTOR 525953. 
6. ^ E.g., Winston Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, vol.1 (1956).
7. ^ On this whole question, see: Campbell, Duncan B. (2010). "The fate of the Ninth: the curious disappearance of Legio VIIII Hispana". Ancient Warfare IV.5: 48–53. https://www.ancient-warfare.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&catid=7&id=283&view=article&Itemid=102. 
8. ^ http://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/ix_hispana.html
9. ^ Haalebos, Jan Kees (2000). "Römische Truppen in Nijmegen". In Le Bohec, Yann. Les légions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire. Lyon: Diffusion De Boccard. pp. 465–489. ISBN 2904974199. 
10. ^ Miles Russell, pages 41-45 BBC History Magazine, May 2011
11. ^ M. Russell Bloodline: the Celtic Kings of Roman Britain p 180-5 (2010)