- European Restoration
Marked by revolt, revolution, and the rise of the
middle class , the period of European restoration (1814-1848) refers to themonarchical struggle for legitimacy against their citizens (see: Italian Carbonari) and military (see: Russian Decembrists) following the French Revolutionary (1789-1802) and Napoleonic (1802-1814) wars. These wars had spreadliberalism ,nationalism andsocialism throughout Europe. The European monarchs (namely Portugal, Italy, Austria, Prussia, and France) saw these movements as a threat to their thrones. In response, they attempted to assert theirconservatism and monarchical legitimacy, but only added fuel to the fire. European desire for change was finally made clear during the widespreadrevolutions of 1848 .The monarchs responded with eitherabdication or adhering to democratic principles (see:constitutional monarch s). Due to this unsettling time, the continent fell behind Britain in the Industrial Revolution.Early European Restoration initiatives
*Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
* French Restoration (1814-1830)Alliances made to assure European Restoration
*Holy Alliance (1815-1825)
*Quadruple Alliance (1814-1818)
*Quintuple Alliance (1818-1825)
*Concert of Europe (1815-1848)Failure of European Restoration
*Revolutions of 1848 States not affected by revolutions of 1848
*Russia (nearly no middle class to rebel)
*Spain (factions could not unite)
*United Kingdom (good at compromising with factions)
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