List of state leaders in 2008

Africa

* Algeria
** President - Abdelaziz Bouteflika, President of Algeria (1999–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Abdelaziz Belkhadem, Prime Minister of Algeria (2006–2008)
**#Ahmed Ouyahia, Prime Minister of Algeria (2008–present)
* Angola
** President - José Eduardo dos Santos, President of Angola (1979–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos, Prime Minister of Angola (2002–2008)
**#Paulo Kassoma, Prime Minister of Angola (2008-present)
* Benin
** President - Yayi Boni, President of Benin (2006–present)
* Botswana
** President -
**#Festus Mogae, President of Botswana (1998–2008)
**#Ian Khama, President of Botswana (2008–present)
* Burkina Faso
** President - Blaise Compaoré, President of Burkina Faso (1987–present)
** Prime Minister - Tertius Zongo, Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (2007–present)
* Burundi
** President - Pierre Nkurunziza, President of Burundi (2005–present)
* Cameroon
** President - Paul Biya, President of Cameroon (1982–present)
** Prime Minister - Ephraïm Inoni, Prime Minister of Cameroon (2004–present)
* Cape Verde
** President - Pedro Pires, President of Cape Verde (2001–present)
** Prime Minister - José Maria Neves, Prime Minister of Cape Verde (2001–present)
* Central African Republic
** President - François Bozizé, President of the Central African Republic (2003–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Élie Doté, Prime Minister of the Central African Republic (2005–2008)
**#Faustin-Archange Touadéra, Prime Minister of the Central African Republic (2008–present)
* Chad
** President - Idriss Déby, President of Chad (1990–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye, Prime Minister of Chad (2007–2008)
**#Youssouf Saleh Abbas, Prime Minister of Chad (2008–present)
* Comoros
** President - Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi, President of Comoros (2006–present)
** Anjouan
*** President -
***#Mohamed Bacar, President of Anjouan (2007–2008)
***#Ikililou Dhoinine, provisional President of Anjouan (2008)
***#Lailizamane Abdou Cheik, interim President of Anjouan (2008)
***#Moussa Toybou, President of Anjouan (2008–present)
** Grande Comore
*** President - Mohamed Abdoulwahab, President of Grande Comore (2007–present)
** Mohéli
*** President - Mohamed Ali Said, President of Mohéli (2007–present)
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
** President - Joseph Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2001–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Antoine Gizenga, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2006–2008)
**#Adolphe Muzito, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2008–present)
* Republic of the Congo
** President - Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of the Republic of the Congo (1997–present)
** Prime Minister - Isidore Mvouba, Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo (2005–present)
* Côte d'Ivoire
** President - Laurent Gbagbo, President of Côte d'Ivoire (2000–present)
** Prime Minister - Guillaume Soro, Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire (2007–present)
* Djibouti
** President - Ismail Omar Guelleh, President of Djibouti (1999–present)
** Prime Minister - Dileita Mohamed Dileita, Prime Minister of Djibouti (2001–present)
* Equatorial Guinea
** President - Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President of Equatorial Guinea (1979–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Ricardo Mangue Obama Nfubea, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (2006–2008)
**#Ignacio Milam Tang, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (2008–present)
* Eritrea
** President - Isaias Afewerki, President of Eritrea (1993–present)
* Ethiopia
** President - Girma Wolde-Giorgis, President of Ethiopia (2001–present)
** Prime Minister - Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister of Ethiopia (1995–present)
* Gabon
** President - Omar Bongo, President of Gabon (1967–present)
** Prime Minister - Jean Eyeghe Ndong, Prime Minister of Gabon (2006–present)
* The Gambia
** President - Yahya Jammeh, President of The Gambia (1994–present)
* Ghana
** President - John Kufuor, President of Ghana (2001–present)
* Guinea
** President - Lansana Conté, President of Guinea (1984–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Lansana Kouyaté, Prime Minister of Guinea (2007–2008)
**#Ahmed Tidiane Souaré, Prime Minister of Guinea (2008–present)
* Guinea-Bissau
** President - João Bernardo Vieira, President of Guinea-Bissau (2005–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Martinho Ndafa Kabi, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (2007–2008)
**#Carlos Correia, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (2008–present)
* Kenya
** President - Mwai Kibaki, President of Kenya (2002–present)
** Prime Minister - Raila Odinga, Prime Minister of Kenya (2008–present)
* Lesotho
** Monarch - Letsie III, King of Lesotho (1996–present)
** Prime Minister - Pakalitha Mosisili, Prime Minister of Lesotho (1998–present)
* Liberia
** Head of State - Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, President of Liberia (2006–present)
* Libya
** "De facto" Chief of State - Muammar al-Gaddafi, Guide of the Revolution (1969–present)
** Nominal Chief of State - Zentani Muhammad az-Zentani, General Secretary of the General People's Congress (1992–present)
** Head of Government - Baghdadi Mahmudi, General Secretary of the General People's Committee (2006–present)
* Madagascar
** President - Marc Ravalomanana, President of Madagascar (2002–present)
** Prime Minister - Charles Rabemananjara, Prime Minister of Madagascar (2007–present)
* Malawi
** President - Bingu wa Mutharika, President of Malawi (2004–present)
* Mali
** President - Amadou Toumani Touré, President of Mali (2002–present)
** Prime Minister - Modibo Sidibé, Prime Minister of Mali (2007–present)
* Mauritania
** President -
**#Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, President of Mauritania (2007–2008)
**#Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, President of the High Council of State (2008–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Zeine Ould Zeidane, Prime Minister of Mauritania (2007–2008)
**#Yahya Ould Ahmed El Waghef, Prime Minister of Mauritania (2008)
**#Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf, Prime Minister of Mauritania (2008–present)
* Mauritius
** President - Anerood Jugnauth, President of Mauritius (2003–present)
** Prime Minister - Navin Ramgoolam, Prime Minister of Mauritius (2005–present)
** Rodrigues
*** Chief Commissioner - Johnson Roussety, Chief Commissioner of Rodrigues (2006–present)
*** Chief Executive - Jean-Claude Pierre-Louis, Chief Executive of Rodrigues (2004–present)
* Morocco
** Monarch - Mohammed VI, King of Morocco (1999–present)
** Prime Minister - Abbas El Fassi, Prime Minister of Morocco (2007–present)
* Mozambique
** President - Armando Guebuza, President of Mozambique (2005–present)
** Prime Minister - Luisa Diogo, Prime Minister of Mozambique (2004–present)
* Namibia
** President - Hifikepunye Pohamba, President of Namibia (2005–present)
** Prime Minister - Nahas Angula, Prime Minister of Namibia (2005–present)
* Niger
** President - Tandja Mamadou, President of Niger (1999–present)
** Prime Minister - Seyni Oumarou, Prime Minister of Niger (2007–present)
* Nigeria
** President - Umaru Yar'Adua, President of Nigeria (2007–present)
* Rwanda
** President - Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda (2000–present)
** Prime Minister - Bernard Makuza, Prime Minister of Rwanda (2000–present)
* São Tomé and Príncipe
** President - Fradique de Menezes, President of São Tomé and Príncipe (2001–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Tomé Vera Cruz, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (2006–2008)
**#Patrice Trovoada, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (2008)
**#Joaquim Rafael Branco, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (2008–present)
** Príncipe
*** President - José Cassandra, President of the Regional Government of Príncipe (2006–present)
* Senegal
** President - Abdoulaye Wade, President of Senegal (2000–present)
** Prime Minister - Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré, Prime Minister of Senegal (2007–present)
* Seychelles
** President - James Michel, President of Seychelles (2004–present)
* Sierra Leone
** President - Ernest Bai Koroma, President of Sierra Leone (2007–present)
* Somalia
** President - Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, President of Somalia (2004–present)
** Prime Minister - Nur Hassan Hussein, Prime Minister of Somalia (2007–present)
** Somaliland
*** President - Dahir Riyale Kahin, President of Somaliland (2002–present)
** Puntland
*** President - Mohamud Muse Hersi, President of Puntland (2005–present)
* South Africa
** President -
**# Thabo Mbeki, President of South Africa (1999–2008)
**# Kgalema Motlanthe, President of South Africa (2008–present)
* Sudan
** President - Omar al-Bashir, President of Sudan (1989–present)
** Southern Sudan
*** President - Salva Kiir Mayardit, President of the Government of Southern Sudan (2005–present)
* Swaziland
** Monarch - Mswati III, King of Swaziland (1986–present)
** Prime Minister - Themba Dlamini, Prime Minister of Swaziland (2003–present)
* Tanzania
** President - Jakaya Kikwete, President of Tanzania (2005–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Edward Lowassa, Prime Minister of Tanzania (2005–2008)
**#Mizengo Pinda, Prime Minister of Tanzania (2008–present)
** Zanzibar
*** President - Amani Abeid Karume, President of Zanzibar (2000–present)
*** Chief Minister - Shamsi Vuai Nahodha, Chief Minister of Zanzibar (2000–present)
* Togo
** President - Faure Gnassingbé, President of Togo (2005–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Komlan Mally, Prime Minister of Togo (2007–2008)
**#Gilbert Houngbo, Prime Minister of Togo (2008–present)
* Tunisia
** President - Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of Tunisia (1987–present)
** Prime Minister - Mohamed Ghannouchi, Prime Minister of Tunisia (1999–present)
* Uganda
** President - Yoweri Museveni, President of Uganda (1986–present)
** Prime Minister - Apolo Nsibambi, Prime Minister of Uganda (1999–present)
* Western Sahara (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic)
** President - Mohamed Abdelaziz, President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (1976–present)
** Prime Minister - Abdelkader Taleb Oumar, Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (2003–present)
* Zambia
** President -
**#Levy Mwanawasa, President of Zambia (2002–2008)
**#Rupiah Banda, Acting President of Zambia (2008–present)
* Zimbabwe
** President - Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe (1980–present)
** Prime Minister - Morgan Tsvangirai, Prime Minister of Zimbabwe (2008–present)

Asia

* Afghanistan
** President - Hamid Karzai, President of Afghanistan (2001–present)
* Bangladesh
** President - Iajuddin Ahmed, President of Bangladesh (2002–present)
** Prime Minister - Fakhruddin Ahmed, Chief Adviser of the Caretaker Government (2007–present)
* Bhutan
** King - Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck, King of Bhutan (2006–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Kinzang Dorji, Caretaker Prime Minister of Bhutan (2007–2008)
**#Jigme Thinley, Prime Minister of Bhutan (2008–present)
* Brunei
** Sultan - Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei (1967–present)
* Cambodia
** King - Norodom Sihamoni, King of Cambodia (2004–present)
** Prime Minister - Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia (1985–present)
* People's Republic of China
** Communist Party Leader - Hu Jintao, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (2002–present)
** President - Hu Jintao, President of the People's Republic of China (2003–present)
** Premier - Wen Jiabao, Premier of the People's Republic of China (2003–present)
** Hong Kong
*** Chief Executive - Donald Tsang, Chief Executive of Hong Kong (2005–present)
** Macau
*** Chief Executive - Edmund Ho, Chief Executive of Macau (1999–present)
* East Timor
** President - José Ramos-Horta, President of East Timor (2007–present)
** Prime Minister - Xanana Gusmão, Prime Minister of East Timor (2007–present)
* India
** President - Pratibha Patil, President of India (2007–present)
** Prime Minister - Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India (2004–present)
* Indonesia
** President - Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President of Indonesia (2004–present)
* Japan
** Emperor - Akihito, Emperor of Japan (1989–present)
** Prime Minister -
**# Yasuo Fukuda, Prime Minister of Japan (2007–2008)
**# Taro Aso, Prime Minister of Japan (2008–present)
* Kazakhstan
** President - Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of Kazakhstan (1990–present)
** Prime Minister - Karim Masimov, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (2007–present)
* North Korea
** "De facto" Ruler - Kim Jong-il, Chairman of the National Defence Commission (1993–present)
** Communist Party Leader - Kim Jong-il, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (1997–present)
** Nominal Head of State - Kim Yong-nam, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly (1998–present)
** Premier - Kim Yong-il, Premier of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (2007–present)
* South Korea
** President -
**#Roh Moo-hyun, President of South Korea (2003–2008)
**#Lee Myung Bak, President of South Korea (2008–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Han Duck-soo, Prime Minister of South Korea (2007–2008)
**#Han Seung-soo, Prime Minister of South Korea (2008–present)
* Kyrgyzstan
** President - Kurmanbek Bakiyev, President of Kyrgyzstan (2005–present)
** Prime Minister - Igor Chudinov, Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (2007–present)
* Laos
** Communist Party Leader - Choummaly Sayasone, General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (2006–present)
** President - Choummaly Sayasone, President of Laos (2006–present)
** Prime Minister - Bouasone Bouphavanh, Prime Minister of Laos (2006–present)
* Malaysia
** Monarch - Mizan Zainal Abidin, Paramount Ruler of Malaysia (2006–present)
** Prime Minister - Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Prime Minister of Malaysia (2003–present)
* Maldives
** President - Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of Maldives (1978–present)
* Mongolia
** President - Nambaryn Enkhbayar, President of Mongolia (2005–present)
** Prime Minister - Sanjaagiin Bayar, Prime Minister of Mongolia (2007–present)
* Myanmar
** Head of State - Than Shwe, Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council (1992–present)
** Prime Minister - Thein Sein, Prime Minister of Myanmar (2007–present)
* Nepal
** Prime Minister -
**#Girija Prasad Koirala, Prime Minister of Nepal (2006–2008)
**#Prachanda, Prime Minister of Nepal (2008–present)
** Head of State -
**#Girija Prasad Koirala, Acting Head of State (2007–2008)
**#Ram Baran Yadav, President (2008–present)
* Pakistan
** President -
**#Pervez Musharraf, President of Pakistan (2001–2008)
**#Muhammad Mian Soomro, Acting President of Pakistan (2008)
**#Asif Ali Zardari, President of Pakistan (2008–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Muhammad Mian Soomro, Prime Minister of Pakistan (2007–2008)
**#Yousaf Raza Gillani, Prime Minister of Pakistan (2008–present)
* The Philippines
** President - Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, President of the Philippines (2001–present)
** Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)
*** Governor - Zaldy Ampatuan, Governor of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (2005–present)
* Singapore
** President - S. R. Nathan, President of Singapore (1999–present)
** Prime Minister - Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore (2004–present)
* Sri Lanka
** President - Mahinda Rajapakse, President of Sri Lanka (2005–present)
** Prime Minister - Ratnasiri Wickremanayake, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (2005–present)
* Taiwan (Republic of China)
** President -
**#Chen Shui-bian, President of the Republic of China (2000–2008)
**#Ma Ying-jeou, President of the Republic of China (2008–present)
** Premier -
**#Chang Chun-hsiung, President of the Executive Yuan (2007–2008)
**#Liu Chao-shiuan, President of the Executive Yuan (2008–present)
* Tajikistan
** President - Emomali Rahmonov, President of Tajikistan (1992–present)
** Prime Minister - Akil Akilov, Prime Minister of Tajikistan (1999–present)
** Gorno-Badakhshan
*** Chairman of the Administration - Alimamad Niyozmamadov, Chairman of the administration (1994–present)
* Thailand
** King - Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand (1946–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Surayud Chulanont, Prime Minister of Thailand (2006–2008)
**#Samak Sundaravej, Prime Minister of Thailand (2008)
**#Somchai Wongsawat, Prime Minister of Thailand (2008–present)
* Turkmenistan
** President - Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow, President of Turkmenistan (2006–present)
* Uzbekistan
** President - Islom Karimov, President of Uzbekistan (1991–present)
** Prime Minister - Shavkat Mirziyoyev, Prime Minister of Uzbekistan (2003–present)
* Vietnam
** Communist Party Leader - Nong Duc Manh, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (2001–present)
** President - Nguyen Minh Triet, President of Vietnam (2006–present)
** Prime Minister - Nguyen Tan Dung, Prime Minister of Vietnam (2006–present)

Australia and Oceania

* American Samoa (U.S. territory)
** Governor - Togiola Tulafono, Governor of American Samoa (2003–present)
* Australia
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia (1952–present)
** Governor-General -
**#Michael Jeffery, Governor-General of Australia (2003–2008)
**#Quentin Bryce, Governor-General of Australia (2008–present)
** Prime Minister - Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister of Australia (2007–present)
* Cook Islands (self-governing territory of New Zealand)
** High Commissioner - John Bryan, High Commissioner of the Cook Islands (2005–present)
** Queen's Representative - Frederick Goodwin, Queen's Representative in the Cook Islands(2001–present)
** Prime Minister - Jim Marurai, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (2004–present)
* Fiji
** President - Ratu Josefa Iloilo, President of Fiji (2000–present)
** Prime Minister - Commodore Frank Bainimarama, Prime Minister of Fiji (2007–present)
* French Polynesia (French Overseas Country)
** High Commissioner - Anne Boquet, High Commissioner of French Polynesia (2005–present)
** President of the Government -
**#Oscar Temaru, President of the Government (2007–2008)
**#Gaston Flosse, President of the Government (2008)
**#Gaston Tong Sang, President of the Government (2008–present)
* Kiribati
** President - Anote Tong, President of Kiribati (2003–present)
* Marshall Islands
** President -
**#Kessai Note, President of the Marshall Islands (2000–2008)
**#Litokwa Tomeing, President of the Marshall Islands (2008–present)
* Federated States of Micronesia
** President - Manny Mori, President of the Federated States of Micronesia (2007–present)
* Nauru
** President - Marcus Stephen, President of Nauru (2007–present)
* New Caledonia (French Overseas Country)
** High Commissioner - Michel Mathieu, High Commissioner of New Caledonia (2005–present)
** President of the Government - Marie-Noëlle Thémereau, President of the Government of New Caledonia(2004–present)
* New Zealand
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand (1952–present)
** Governor-General or Administrator - Judge Anand Satyanand, Governor-General of New Zealand (2006–present)
** Prime Minister - Helen Clark, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1999–present)
* Niue (associated state of New Zealand)
** Resident Commissioner - Sandra Lee-Vercoe, Resident Commissioner of Niue (2003–present)
** Premier
**#Young Vivian, Premier of Niue (2002–2008)
**#Toke Talagi, Premier of Niue (2008-present)
* Northern Mariana Islands (Commonwealth of the U.S.)
** Governor - Juan Babauta, Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (2002–present)
* Palau
** President - Tommy Remengesau, President of Palau (2001–present)
* Papua New Guinea
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Papua New Guinea (1975–present)
** Governor-General - Sir Paulias Matane, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (2004–present)
** Prime Minister - Sir Michael Somare, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (2002–present)
** Bougainville
*** President -
***#Joseph Kabui, President of Bougainville Autonomous Government (2005–2008)
***#John Tabinaman, Acting President of Bougainville Autonomous Government (2009–present)
* Pitcairn Islands (overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
** Governor - Richard Fell, Governor of the Pitcairn Islands (2001–present)
** Commissioner - Leslie Jacques, Commissioner of the Pitcairn Islands (2003–present)
** Mayor - Jay Warren, Mayor of the Pitcairn Islands (2004–present)
* Samoa
** O le Ao o le Malo - Tupua Tamasese Tupuola Tufuga Efi, Head of State of Samoa (2007–present)
** Prime Minister - Tuila'epa Sailele Malielegaoi, Prime Minister of Samoa(1998–present)
* Solomon Islands
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the Solomon Islands (1978–present)
** Governor-General - Nathaniel Waena, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands (2004–present)
** Prime Minister - Derek Sikua, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands (2007–present)
* Tokelau (territory of New Zealand)
** Administrator - Neil Walter, Administrator of Tokelau (2003–present)
** Head of Government -
**#Kuresa Nasau, Head of Government (2007–2008)
**#Pio Tuia, Head of Government (2008–present)
* Tonga
** Monarch - George Tupou V, King of Tonga (2006–present)
** Prime Minister - Feleti Sevele, Prime Minister of Tonga (2006–present)
* Tuvalu
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Tuvalu (1978–present)
** Governor-General - Filoimea Telito, Governor-General of Tuvalu (2005–present)
** Prime Minister - Apisai Ielemia, Prime Minister of Tuvalu (2006–present)
* Vanuatu
** President - Kalkot Mataskelekele, President of Vanuatu (2004–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Ham Lini, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (2004–2008)
**#Edward Natapei, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (2008–present)
* Wallis and Futuna (French overseas collectivity)
** Administrator-Superior - Xavier de Furst,Administrator-Superior of Wallis and Futuna (2005–present)
** President of the Territorial Assembly - Pesamino Taputai,President of the Territorial Assembly (2007–present)

Europe

* Albania
** President - Bamir Topi, President of Albania (2007–present)
** Prime Minister - Sali Berisha, Prime Minister of Albania (2005–present)
* Andorra
** Co-Princes
*** French Co-Prince - Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France (2007–present)
*** Episcopal Co-Prince - Joan Enric Vives Sicília, Bishop of Urgell (2003–present)
** Head of the Government - Albert Pintat, Head of the Government of Andorra (2005–present)
** General Syndic - Joan Gabriel Estany, General Syndic of Andorra (2005–present)
* Armenia
** President -
**#Robert Kocharyan, President of Armenia (1998–2008)
**#Serzh Sargsyan, President of Armenia (2008–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Serzh Sargsyan, Prime Minister of Armenia (2007–2008)
**#Tigran Sarkisyan, Prime Minister of Armenia (2008–present)
* Austria
** President - Heinz Fischer, Federal President of Austria (2004–present)
** Chancellor - Alfred Gusenbauer, Chancellor of Austria (2007–present)
* Azerbaijan
** President - Ilham Aliyev, President of Azerbaijan (2003–present)
** Prime Minister - Artur Rasizade, Prime Minister of Azerbaijan (2003–present)
** Nagorno-Karabakh
*** President - Bako Sahakyan, President of Nagorno-Karabakh (2007–present)
*** Prime Minister - Arayik Harutyunyan, Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh (2007–present)
** Nakhichevan
*** Chairman of the Parliament - Vasif Talybov, Chairman of the Parliament of Nakhichevan (1993–present)
*** Chairman of the Council of Ministers - Alovsat Bakhshiev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Nakhichevan (2000–present)
* Belarus
** President - Alexander Lukashenko, President of Belarus (1994–present)
** Prime Minister - Sergey Sidorsky, Prime Minister of Belarus (2003–present)
* Belgium
** King - Albert II, King of the Belgians (1993–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Guy Verhofstadt, Prime Minister of Belgium (1999–2008)
**#Yves Leterme, Prime Minister of Belgium (2008–present)
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
** Presidency
*** Serb member - Nebojša Radmanović (2006–present)
*** Bosniak member - Haris Silajdžić (2006–present), Chairman of the Presidency (2008–present)
*** Croat member - Željko Komšić (2006–present), Chairman of the Presidency (2007–2008)
** Prime Minister - Nikola Špirić, Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2007–present)
** High Representative - Christian Schwarz-Schilling, Germany (2006–present)
** Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
*** President - Borjana Krišto, President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2007–present)
*** Prime Minister - Nedžad Branković, Prime Minister of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2007–present)
** Republika Srpska
*** President - Milan Jelić, President of the Republika Srpska (2006–present)
*** Prime Minister - Milorad Dodik, Prime Minister of the Republika Srpska (2006–present)
** Brčko District
*** Raffi Gregorian (United States), International Supervisor of Brčko District (2006–present)
*** Mirsad Đapo (Bosniak), Mayor of Brčko (2004–present)
* Bulgaria
** President - Georgi Parvanov, President of Bulgaria (2002–present)
** Premier - Sergey Stanishev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (2005–present)
* Croatia
** President - Stjepan Mesić, President of Croatia (2000–present)
** Prime Minister - Ivo Sanader, Prime Minister of Croatia (2003–present)
* Cyprus
** President -
**#Tassos Papadopoulos, President of Cyprus (2003–2008)
**#Dimitris Christofias, President of Cyprus (2008–present)
** Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
*** President - Mehmet Ali Talat, President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (2005–present)
*** Prime Minister - Ferdi Sabit Soyer, Prime Minister of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (2005–present)
* Czech Republic
** President - Václav Klaus, President of the Czech Republic (2003–present)
** Prime Minister - Mirek Topolánek, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic (2006–present)
* Denmark
** Monarch - Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark (1972–present)
** Prime Minister - Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Prime Minister of Denmark (2001–present)
** Faroe Islands
*** Prime Minister - Jóannes Eidesgaard, Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (2004–present)
** Greenland
*** Prime Minister - Hans Enoksen, Prime Minister of Greenland (2002–present)
* Estonia
** President - Toomas Hendrik Ilves, President of Estonia (2006–present)
** Prime Minister - Andrus Ansip, Prime Minister of Estonia (2005–present)
* Finland
** President - Tarja Halonen, President of Finland (2000–present)
** Prime Minister - Matti Vanhanen, Prime Minister of Finland (2003–present)
** Åland
*** Premier - Viveka Eriksson, Premier of Åland (2007–present)
* France
** President - Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France (2007–present)
** Prime Minister - François Fillon, Prime Minister of France (2007–present)
* Georgia
** President -
**#Nino Burjanadze, Acting President of Georgia (2007–2008)
**#Mikheil Saakashvili, President of Georgia (2008–present)
** Prime Minister - Lado Gurgenidze, Prime Minister of Georgia (2007–present)
** Abkhazia
*** President - Sergey Bagapsh, President of Abkhazia (2005–present)
*** Prime Minister - Alexander Ankvab, Prime Minister of Abkhazia (2005–present)
** South Ossetia
*** President - Eduard Kokoyty, President of South Ossetia (2001–present)
*** Prime Minister -
***#Yury Morozov, Prime Minister of South Ossetia (2005–2008)
***#Boris Chochiev, Acting Prime Minister of South Ossetia (2008-present)
* Germany
** President - Horst Köhler, President of Germany (2004–present)
** Chancellor - Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany (2005–present)
* Greece
** President - Karolos Papoulias, President of Greece (2005–present)
** Prime Minister - Kostas Karamanlis, Prime Minister of Greece (2004–present)
** Mount Athos
*** Spiritual Leader - Bartholomew I, Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (1991–present)
* Guernsey (British Crown dependency)
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Duke of Normandy (1952–present)
** Lieutenant-Governor - Sir Fabian Malbon, Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey (2005–present)
** Bailiff - Geoffrey Rowland, Bailiff of Guernsey (2005–present)
** Chief minister -
**#Mike Torode, Chief Minister of Guernsey (2007–2008)
**#Lyndon Trott, Chief Minister of Guernsey (2008–present)
* Hungary
** President - László Sólyom, President of Hungary (2005–present)
** Prime Minister - Ferenc Gyurcsány, Prime Minister of Hungary (2004–present)
* Iceland
** President - Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, President of Iceland (1996–present)
** Prime Minister - Geir Haarde, Prime Minister of Iceland (2006–present)
* Ireland
** President - Mary McAleese, President of Ireland (1997–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Bertie Ahern, Taoiseach (1997–2008)
**#Brian Cowen, Taoiseach (2008–present)
* Isle of Man (British Crown dependency)
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Lord of Man (1952–present)
** Lieutenant-Governor - Sir Paul Haddacks, Lieutenant-Governor of Man (2005–present)
** Chief minister - Donald Gelling, Chief Minister of Man (2004–present)
* Italy
** President - Giorgio Napolitano, President of the Italian Republic (2006–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Romano Prodi, Prime Minister of Italy (2006–2008)
**#Silvio Berlusconi, Prime Minister of Italy (2008–present)
* Jersey (British Crown dependency)
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Duke of Normandy (1952–present)
** Lieutenant-Governor - Sir John Cheshire, Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey (2001–present)
** Bailiff - Philip Bailhache, Bailiff of Jersey (1995–present)
** Chief Minister - Frank Walker, Chief Minister of Jersey (2005–present)
* Latvia
** President - Valdis Zatlers, President of Latvia (2007–present)
** Prime Minister - Ivars Godmanis, Prime Minister of Latvia (2007–present)
* Liechtenstein
** Prince - Hans Adam II, Sovereign Prince of Liechtenstein (1989–present)
** Regent - Prince Alois (2004–present)
** Head of Government - Otmar Hasler, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (2001–present)
* Lithuania
** President - Valdas Adamkus, President of Lithuania (2004–present)
** Prime Minister - Gediminas Kirkilas, Prime Minister of Lithuania (2006–present)
* Luxembourg
** Monarch - Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (2000–present)
** Prime Minister - Jean-Claude Juncker, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1995–present)
* Republic of Macedonia
** President - Branko Crvenkovski, President of the Republic of Macedonia (2004–present)
** Prime Minister - Nikola Gruevski, Prime Minister of the Republic of Macedonia (2006–present)
* Malta
** President - Eddie Fenech Adami, President of Malta (2004–present)
** Prime Minister - Lawrence Gonzi, Prime Minister of Malta (2004–present)
* Moldova
** President - Vladimir Voronin, President of Moldova (2001–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Vasile Tarlev, Prime Minister of Moldova (2001–2008)
**#Zinaida Greceanîi, Prime Minister of Moldova (2008–present)
** Transnistria
*** President - Igor Smirnov, President of Transnistria (1991–present)
** Gagauzia
*** President - Gheorghe Tabunscic, President of Gagauzia Autonomous Region (2002–present)
* Monaco
** Prince - Albert II, Prince of Monaco (2005–present)
** Minister of State - Jean-Paul Proust, Minister of State of Monaco (2005–present)
* Montenegro
** President - Filip Vujanović, President of Montenegro (2002–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Željko Šturanović, President of the Government of Montenegro (2006–2008)
**#Milo Đukanović, President of the Government of Montenegro (2008–present)
* The Netherlands
** Monarch - Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands (1980–present)
** Prime Minister - Jan Peter Balkenende, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (2002–present)
* Norway
** Monarch - Harald V, King of Norway (1991–present)
** Prime Minister - Jens Stoltenberg, Prime Minister of Norway (2005–present)
* Poland
** President - Lech Aleksander Kaczyński, President of the Republic of Poland (2005–present)
** Prime Minister - Donald Tusk, Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland (2007–present)
* Portugal
** President - Aníbal Cavaco Silva, President of Portugal (2006–present)
** Prime Minister - José Sócrates, Prime Minister of Portugal (2005–present)
* Romania
** President - Traian Băsescu, President of Romania (2004–present)
** Prime Minister - Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, Prime Minister of Romania (2004–present)
* Russia
** President -
**#Vladimir Putin, President of Russia (1999–2008)
**#Dmitry Medvedev‎, President of Russia (2008–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Viktor Zubkov, Prime Minister of Russia (2007–2008)
**#Vladimir Putin, Prime Minister of Russia (2008–present)
* San Marino
** Captains-Regent -
**#Mirko Tomassoni‎ and Alberto Selva‎ (October 2007–April 2008)
**#Rosa Zafferani and Federico Pedini Amati (April 2008–October 2008)
**#Ernesto Benedettini and Assunta Meloni (October 2008-present)
* Serbia
** President - Boris Tadić President of Serbia (2004–present)
** Prime Minister -
**# Vojislav Koštunica, Prime Minister of Serbia (2004–2008)
**# Mirko Cvetković, Prime Minister of Serbia (2008-present)
** Kosovo (international administration)
*** President - Fatmir Sejdiu, President of Kosovo (2006–present)
*** Prime Minister -
***#Agim Çeku, Prime Minister of Kosovo (2006–2008)
***#Hashim Thaçi, Prime Minister of Kosovo (2008–present)
* Slovakia
** President - Ivan Gašparovič, President of Slovakia (2004–present)
** Prime Minister - Robert Fico, Prime Minister of Slovakia (2006–present)
* Slovenia
** President - Danilo Türk, President of Slovenia (2007–present)
** Prime Minister - Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia (2004–present)
* Spain
** Monarch - Juan Carlos, King of Spain (1975–present)
** Prime Minister - José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, President of the Government of Spain (2004–present)
* Sweden
** Monarch - Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden (1973–present)
** Prime Minister - Fredrik Reinfeldt, Prime Minister of Sweden (2006–present)
* Switzerland
** Swiss Federal Council - Moritz Leuenberger (1995–present), Pascal Couchepin (1998–present, President of the Confederation for the year 2008), Samuel Schmid (2000–present), Micheline Calmy-Rey (2002–present), Hans-Rudolf Merz (2003–present, Vice-President of the Confederation for the year 2008), Doris Leuthard (2006–present), Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (2008–present)
** See also: List of 2008 office-holders in Switzerland
* Turkey
** President - Abdullah Gül, President of Turkey (2007–present)
** Prime Minister - Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Prime Minister of Turkey (2003–present)
* Ukraine
** President - Victor Yushchenko, President of Ukraine (2005–present)
** Prime Minister - Yulia Tymoshenko, Prime Minister of Ukraine (2007–present)
** Crimea
*** Chairman of the Parliament - Anatoli Hrytsenko, Chairman of the Parliament of the Crimean Republic (2006–present)
*** Prime Minister - Viktor Plakida, Prime Minister of Crimea (2006–present)
* United Kingdom
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1952–present)
** Prime Minister - Gordon Brown, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2007–present)
*** Northern Ireland
**** First Minister - Ian Paisley, First Minister of Northern Ireland (2007–2008)
**** First Minister - Peter Robinson, First Minister of Northern Ireland (2008-)
*** Scotland
**** First Minister - Alex Salmond, First Minister of Scotland (2007–present)
*** Wales
**** First Minister - Rhodri Morgan, First Minister of Wales (2000–present)
*** Gibraltar (British overseas territory)
**** Governor - Sir Robert Fulton, Governor of Gibraltar (2006–present)
**** Chief Minister - Peter Caruana, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (1996–present)
* Vatican City
** Pope - Benedict XVI, Bishop of Rome (2005–present)
** Secretary of State - Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone, Cardinal Secretary of State (2006–present)
** President - Giovanni Cardinal Lajolo, President of the Governorate of Vatican City State (2006–present)

Middle East

* Bahrain
** King - Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, King of Bahrain (1999–present)
** Prime minister - Khalifa bin Salman Ali Khalifa, Prime Minister of Bahrain (1971–present)
* Egypt
** President - Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt (1981–present)
** Prime Minister - Ahmed Nazif, Prime Minister of Egypt (2004–present)
* Iran
** Supreme Leader - Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran (1989–present)
** President - Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President of Iran (2005–present)
* Iraq
** President - Jalal Talabani, President of Iraq (2005–present)
** Prime Minister - Nuri al-Maliki, Prime Minister of Iraq, (2006–present)
** Kurdistan Autonomous Region
*** President - Massoud Barzani (2005–present)
*** Prime Minister - Nechirvan Barzani (2005–present)
* Israel
** President - Shimon Peres, President of Israel (2007–present)
** Prime Minister - Ehud Olmert, Prime Minister of Israel (2006–present)
* Jordan
** Monarch - King Abdullah II, King of Jordan (1999–present)
** Prime Minister - Nader al-Dahabi, Prime Minister of Jordan (2007–present)
* Kuwait
** Monarch - Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (2006–present)
** Prime Minister - Nasser Al-Mohammed Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah, Prime Minister of Kuwait (2006–present)
* Lebanon
** President - Michel Sleiman, President of Lebanon (2008–present)
** Prime Minister - Fouad Siniora, Prime Minister of Lebanon (2005–present)
* Oman
** Sultan - Qaboos Bin Said, Sultan of Oman (1970–present)
** Prime Minister - Qaboos Bin Said, Prime Minister of Oman (1972–present)
* Palestinian Authority (non-state administrative authority)
** President - Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian Authority (2005–present)
** Prime Minister - Salam Fayyad, Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority (2007–present) (emergency rule)
** Gaza Strip
*** Prime Minister - Ismail Haniya, de facto leader of the Palestinian Authority in the Gaza Strip (2007–present)
* Qatar
** Monarch - Hamad ibn Khalifa Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1995–present)
** Prime Minister - Hamad bin Jassem bin Jabr Al Thani, Prime Minister of Qatar (2007–present)
* Saudi Arabia
** King - Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia (2005–present)
** Prime Minister - Abdullah, Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia (2005–present)
* Syria
** President - Bashar al-Assad, President of Syria (2000–present)
** Prime Minister - Muhammad al-Otari, Prime Minister of Syria (2003–present)
* United Arab Emirates
** President - Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates (2004–present)
** Prime Minister - Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (2006–present)
** Abu Dhabi
*** Emir - Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Emir of Abu Dhabi (2004–present)
** Ajman
*** Emir - Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi, Emir of Ajman (1981–present)
** Dubai
*** Emir - Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Emir of Dubai (2006–present)
** Fujairah
*** Emir - Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi, Emir of Fujairah (1974–present)
** Ras al-Khaimah
*** Emir - Saqr bin Mohammad al-Qassimi, Emir of Ras al-Khaimah (1948–present)
** Sharjah
*** Emir - Sultan bin Mohamed Al-Qasimi, Emir of Sharjah (1987–present)
**Umm al-Quwain
*** Emir - Rashid ibn Ahmad Al Mu'alla, Emir of Umm al-Quwain (1981–present)
* Yemen
** President - Ali Abdullah Saleh, President of Yemen (1990–present)
** Prime Minister - Ali Mohammed Mujur, Prime Minister of Yemen (2007–present)

North America

* Antigua and Barbuda
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Antigua and Barbuda (1981–present)
** Governor-General - Louise Lake-Tack, Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda (2007–present)
** Prime Minister - Baldwin Spencer, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda (2004–present)
* Aruba (Netherlands)
** Monarch - Beatrix, Queen of Aruba (1980–present)
** Governor - Fredis Refunjol, Governor of Aruba (2004–present)
** Prime Minister - Nelson O. Oduber, Prime Minister of Aruba (2001–present)
* Bahamas
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the Bahamas (1973–present)
** Governor-General - Arthur Dion Hanna, Governor-General of the Bahamas (2006–present)
** Prime Minister - Hubert Ingraham, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (2007–present)
* Barbados
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados (1966–present)
** Governor-General - Clifford Husbands, Governor-General of Barbados (1996–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Owen Arthur, Prime Minister of Barbados (1994–2008)
**#David Thompson, Prime Minister of Barbados (2008–present)
* Belize
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Belize (1981–present)
** Governor-General - Colville Young, Governor-General of Belize (1993–present)
** Prime Minister - Said Musa, Prime Minister of Belize (1998–2008)
** Prime Minister - Dean Barrow, Prime Minister of Belize (2008–present)
* Canada
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada (1952–present)
** Governor-General - Michaëlle Jean, Governor General of Canada (2005–present)
** Prime Minister - Stephen Harper, Prime Minister of Canada (2006–present)
* Costa Rica
** President - Óscar Arias, President of Costa Rica (2006–present)
* Cuba
** President -
**#Fidel Castro, President of the Council of State of Cuba (1976–2008)
**#Raúl Castro, President of the Council of State of Cuba (2008–present) (Acting President of the Council of State, 2006–2008)
** Prime Minister -
**#Fidel Castro, President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (1959–2008)
**#Raúl Castro, President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (2008–present) (Acting President of the Council of Ministers, 2006–2008)
* Dominica
** President - Nicholas Liverpool, President of Dominica (2003–present)
** Prime Minister - Roosevelt Skerrit, Prime Minister of Dominica (2004–present)
* Dominican Republic
** President - Leonel Fernández, President of the Dominican Republic (2004–present)
* El Salvador
** President - Antonio Saca, President of El Salvador (2004–present)
* Grenada
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Grenada (1974–present)
** Governor-General - Sir Daniel Williams, Governor-General of Grenada (1996–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Keith Mitchell, Prime Minister of Grenada (1995–2008)
**#Tillman Thomas, Prime Minister of Grenada (2008–present)
* Guatemala
** President -
**#Óscar Berger, President of Guatemala (2004–2008)
**#Álvaro Colom, President of Guatemala (2008–present)
* Haiti
** President - René Préval, President of Haiti (2006–present)
** Prime Minister -
**#Jacques-Édouard Alexis, Prime Minister of Haiti (2006–2008)
**#Michèle Pierre-Louis, Prime Minister of Haiti (2008–present)
* Honduras
** President - Manuel Zelaya, President of Honduras (2006–present)
* Jamaica
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Jamaica (1962–present)
** Governor-General - Kenneth Hall, Governor-General of Jamaica (2006–present)
** Prime Minister - Bruce Golding, Prime Minister of Jamaica (2007–present)
* Mexico
** President - Felipe Calderón, President of Mexico (2006–present)
* Netherlands Antilles (Netherlands)
** Monarch - Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands (1980–present)
** Governor - Frits Goedgedrag, Governor of the Netherlands Antilles (2002–present)
** Prime Minister - Emily de Jongh-Elhage, Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles (2006–present)
* Nicaragua
** President - Daniel Ortega, President of Nicaragua (2007–present)
* Panama
** President - Martín Torrijos, President of Panama (2004–present)
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983–present)
** Governor-General - Sir Cuthbert Sebastian, Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1996–present)
** Prime Minister - Denzil Douglas, Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1995–present)
** Nevis
*** Deputy Governor-General - Eustace John, Deputy Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1992–present)
*** Premier - Joseph Parry, Premier of Nevis (2006–present)
* Saint Lucia
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Lucia (1979–present)
** Governor-General - Dame Pearlette Louisy, Governor-General of Saint Lucia (1997–present)
** Prime Minister - Stephenson King, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (2007–present)
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
** Monarch - Elizabeth II, Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979–present)
** Governor-General - Sir Frederick Ballantyne, Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2002–present)
** Prime Minister - Ralph Gonsalves, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2001–present)
* Trinidad and Tobago
** President - George Maxwell Richards, President of Trinidad and Tobago (2003–present)
** Prime Minister - Patrick Manning, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (2001–present)
** Tobago
*** Chief Secretary - Orville London, Chief Secretaries of the House of Assembly of Tobago (2001–present)
* United States
** President - George W. Bush, President of the United States (2001–present)

outh America

* Argentina
** President - Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, President of Argentina (2007–present)
* Bolivia
** President - Evo Morales, President of Bolivia (2006–present)
* Brazil
** President - Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil (2003–present)
* Chile
** President - Michelle Bachelet, President of Chile (2006–present)
* Colombia
** President - Álvaro Uribe, President of Colombia (2002–present)
* Ecuador
** President - Rafael Correa, President of Ecuador (2007–present)
* Guyana
** President - Bharrat Jagdeo, President of Guyana (1999–present)
** Prime Minister - Sam Hinds, Prime Minister of Guyana (1999–present)
* Paraguay
** President -
**#Nicanor Duarte Frutos, President of Paraguay (2003–2008)
**#Fernando Lugo, President of Paraguay (2008–present)
* Peru
** President - Alan García Pérez, President of Peru (2006–present)
** Prime Minister - Jorge Del Castillo, Prime Minister of Peru (2006–present)
* Suriname
** President - Ronald Venetiaan, President of Suriname (2000–present)
* Uruguay
** President - Tabaré Vázquez, President of Uruguay (2005–present)
* Venezuela
** President - Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela (2002–present)

References

* [http://rulers.org/ Rulers]