Bagalkot district

Infobox Indian Jurisdiction
native_name = Bagalkot
type= district
district_

district_image_desc = Taluk-level map of Bagalkot district
latd = 16.12
longd = 75.45
state_name = Karnataka
division_name = Belgaum Division
taluk_names = Bagalkot, Badami, Bilgi, Hungund, Jamkhandi, Mudhol
hq = Bagalkot
leader_title = Deputy Commissioner
leader_name = KS Prabhakar
area_total = 6593
population_as_of = 2001
population_total = 1652232
postal_code = 587101-587325
area_telephone = + 91 (0) 83
vehicle_code_range = KA-29
district_timezone = IST (UTC +5:30)
website= bagalkot.nic.in

Bāgalkot district (ಬಾಗಲಕೋಟೆ in Kannada) pronounced /IPA|'bɑgələkoʊteɪ/, sometimes spelled as Bāgalkote is an administrative district in the Indian state of Karnataka. The district headquarters is located in the town of Bagalkot. The district is located in northern Karnataka and borders Belgaum, Gadag, Koppal, Raichur and Bijapur. The new Bagalkot district was carved out of Bijapur in 1997 via Government of Karnataka directive "Notification RD 42 LRD 87 Part III". The bifurcated Bagalkot district consists of six taluks — Badami, Bagalkot, Bilagi, Hunugund, Jamakhandi and Mudhol. Historically, Bagalkot was the capital of the Chalukyan Empire of South India under Pulakesi I, who conquered the district in 550 CE. Bagalkot's Badami taluk remained the seat of the throne of the Chalukyas from 550 CE — 753 CE, when Chalukya king Kirtivarman II was overthrown by the Rashtrakutas. The 12th century social reformist Basavanna, known for his crusade against caste exploitation was born in Koodalasangama, a town in the taluk of Hungund.

Remnants of Chalukyan art and architecture are important tourist attractions in Bagalkot. Pattadakal has many UNESCO World Heritage temples built by Vikramaditya II, while Aihole, which lies on the banks of the Malaprabha River, is an important temple town with over 140 temples belonging to both the early and later Chalukya times. The cave temples of Badami Cave Temples and the Jain temples of Rashtrakutas at Lokapura and Bilgi are also famous. Cottage industries occupy a predominant position in Bagalkot. The district is popular for its silk and handloom industries. Ghataprabha River, Malaprabha River and Krishna River flow through the district. Koodalasangama lies at the point of confluence of rivers Krishna and Malaprabha. Like most districts in India, Bagalkot is headed by a Deputy Commissioner, with various Tahalsidars heading individual taluks in the district.

Origin

Stone inscriptions identify "Bagadige" as the ancient name of Bagalkot. According to legend, the area was gifted by the mythological Rāvana, lord of Lanka to his musicians. Other taluks in Bagalkot also have mythological origins. Badami, formerly known as Vatapi, was named after an "asura" king who, according to the "Mahābhārata", ruled the area along with his brother Ilvala. Legend has it that both "asuras" were vanquished by the sage Agasthya. The northwestern taluk of Jamkhandi derives its name from an old Chalukyan temple dedicated to Jambukeshwara, a form of the Hindu deity Shiva. The town of Aihole, formerly the capital of the Chalukyan Empire of Banavasi was previously known as "Ayyavole" and "Aryapura" meaning "Noble city". The western taluk of Mudhol was traditionally known as Muduvollal — literally translating into "lovely town". The ancient town of Pattadakal was previously known as "Raktapura" — "red town" and later as Pattadakal Kisuvoval".

The Greek astronomer Ptolemy previously identified many towns in the district of Bagalkot. Pattadakal was referred to as "Petrigal", while Badami was known as "Badiamaioi"

Divisions

Bagalkot district is divided into six taluks; each taluk is further subdivided into hoblies and villages and habitations. There are 18 hoblies in the district:

* Badami taluk: Badami, Guledgudd, Kerur, Kulageri
* Bagalkot taluk: Bagalkot, Kalagdi, Sitimani
* Bilgi taluk: Anagwadi, Bilgi
* Hungund taluk: Amingad, Hungund, Ilkal, Karadi
* Jamkhandi taluk: Jamkhandi, Savalagi, Terdal
* Mudhol taluk: Mahalingpur, Lokapur, Mudhol

History

Over 191 Middle Palaeolithic localities have been discovered in the Kalagdi basin of the district. The discovery of settlements in the village of Lakhmapur near the Malaprabha valley yielded the identification of quartzitic artefacts such as handaxes and cleavers.Petraglia, Korisettar, et al. [http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/Petraglia/Petraglia.html "An Extensive Middle Palaeolithic Quarry Landscape in the Kalagdi Basin, Southern India"] . 2006. Antiquity. March 2003] A pre-Chalukyan brick temple was discovered at the foothills of Bachinagudda, in Pattadakal where an idol depicting the bust of Chaturmukha Shiva. Evidence of megalithic habitation was also discovered at the foothills of Bachinagudda, as were Marahathi and Satavahana coins of a later period. [http://asi.nic.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/30.htm "Recent Discoveries"] . 2006. Archeological Survey of India. Government of India. ]

The first documented evidence of the existence of Bagalkot district dates back to the 2nd century CE, when the taluks of Badami, Indi and Kalkeri were mentioned in the works of the Greek astronomer Ptolemy. In the 6th century CE, the Hindu Chalukya rulers ruled over much of present South India. The Chalukyan king Pulakesi I established Bagalkote as his administrative headquarters; the district retained its prominent status until the Chalukyan empire was sacked by the Rashtrakutas in 753 CE. The Chinese explorer Hieun-Tsang visited Badami and described the people as "tall, proud,...brave and exceedingly chivalrous". [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_184.gif"Bijapur District"] ] He estimated the kingdom to be approximately 1,200 mi in circumference.

The rule of the Chalukyas of Badami, whose kingdom stretched from mordern Karnataka to Maharashtra and Gujarat was a highlight of Bagalkot's history. Chalukya king Pulakesi II further consolidated the empire by battling with the Kadambas, Gangas, Mauryas of the Konkan, Gurjaras and Emperor Harshavardhana, whom he vanquished on the banks of the Narmada river Arthikaje. [http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka15.htm "The Chalukyas of Badami"] . 2006. Ourkarnataka.com. Mangalore] Accounts of war were inscribed on stone structures in the town of Aihole, now located in the taluk of Hungund. The Kalyani Chalukyas, descendants of the Badami Chalukyas conquered the area before the dawn of the 10th century CE. Their rule was intersperced with wars againsts the Cholas and Hoysalas. The Kalyani Chalukyas moved their capital from Badami to Kalyani, in the present day district of Bidar. Akkadevi, sister of the Kalyani Chalukya Jayasimha II ruled in the area for more than 40 years from 1024 CE. During the course of her rule of the area, then known as Kisukadu, seventy villages from Bagalkot district were added to her administration. The Chola king Vīrarajendra seized the area by defeating Somesvara I at Koodalasangama. By the 11th century CE, all of Karnataka including Bagalkot fell into the dominion of the Hoysala Empire, first consolidated by Veera Ballala and later subordinated to the Sinda kings.

The Yadavas of Deogiri annexed Bagalkot in 1190 CE and ruled until approximately the thirteenth century. The Deccan invasion by the Muslim Khilji dynasty, lead by Ala ud din Khilji in 1294 brought an end to the rule of the Yadavas. In the 14th century, much of this territory was overrun by the Muhammad Taghlaq. That the Taghlaqs were undisputed overlords of this territory cannot be established since Harihara, first king of the Vijayanagara Empire is supposed to have possessed territories as far north as Kaladgi in 1340 and because a fort was built under permission from Harihara in Badami during that time period. Sewell, Robert. [http://www.blackmask.com/books23c/fevch.htm "A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar; A Contribution to the History of India"] . 2006. Blackmask.com. 2001] In the late 15th century, the Adil Shahi dynasty founded by Yusuf Adil Shah established an independent state with Bijapur as its capital. It is from this time that Bagalkot's history is homogenous to that of Bijapur's. In 1818, after having lost their kingdom to the British, the Maratha Peshwas of Satara were crowned underlords of the kingdom. With the failing of their brief reign which ended in 1948, the district passed into the hands of the British Raj and was incorporated into the dominion of the Bombay Presidency. According to the 2001 census of the district, the towns of Bagalkot and Badami each had a population of over 100,000. Kannada is the primary language in the district. Approximately 88% of the district's population was Hindu, while 11% was Muslim. In September 1901 a famine swept through the district, particularly affecting Indi, Sindgi and Badami taluks.

India gained independence from the British in 1947; thereafter, the "States Reorganisation Act" of 1956 allowed for the creation of a Mysore State, renamed Karnataka in 1971, and for Bijapur (and therefore Bagalkot) to be included in its dominion. [http://www.austlii.edu.au/~andrew/CommonLII/IN-num_act/sra1956250/ "States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Part II, Article 306 7(b)"] . 2006. Indian Legislation. Government of India. 2005] A separate district of Bagalkot was carved out from the existing Bijapur district in 1997.

Geography

to the south-east, south and south-west respectively. It is positioned at coord|16|12|N|75|45|E and covers an area of 6593 km². Bagalkot district has six taluks — Bagalkot, Badami, Hungund, Mudhol, Jamkhandi and Bilgi. The average elevation in this area reaches approximately 610 m. The climate is warm and dry through out the year and rainfall is scarce. Bagalkot district receives the lowest rainfall annually in Karnataka. The months of September and December account for about 52% of the total annual rainfall.

Bagalkot is devoid of large canopy tree vegetation; the region is semi-arid. The Krishna River, Ghataprabha River and Malaprabha River flow through the region but are non perennial. Soil in the area can be categorised as either the majority black or minority red. Black soil retains moisture and is often used for the cultivation of cotton. Rabi and jowar are primarily cultivated in Bagalkot, as are groundnut, cotton, maize, bajra, wheat, sugarcane and tobacco. [http://www.panchayats.org/downloads/Karnataka%20SALR%20Report.pdf "Karnataka: Situation Analysis and Literature Review"] . 2006. Ford Foundation. October 2002] The district is also rich in mineral wealth. The village of Kaladgi, located 24 km from the town of Bagalkot, harbours copper. Iron ore also exists in the southern part of the district. Like much of Karnataka, the gneiss is the most common rock family. Common rock types in the region include greenstone, quartzite, sandstone and limestone. The dry climate makes the region susceptible to drought and crop failure. The average rainfall in the region is approximately 318 mm annually. [http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/08/29/000094946_01080904110949/Rendered/INDEX/multi0page.txt "Environmental Analysis Study"] . 2006. Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Government of Karnataka. July 2001] Bagalkot has not been affected by major seismic activity due to it being located in the stable Zone II.

Demographics

Bagalkot is the second largest district in the Belgaum Division and the 15th most populous district in Karnataka. With over 1,651,892 inhabitants (of which 28.97% were urban) inote| http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm, Bagalkot accounts for over 18% of the total population of the Belgaum Division. Bagalkot has 6 taluks, comprising a total of 18 hoblies and 627 villages. Of the 6 taluks, two are categorised as "More Backward Taluk" and one as "Most Backward Taluk". The district has 163 Gram Panchayats and 12 urban agglomerations. Bagalkot, with a decadal growth rate of about 19% is one of the ten fastest growing districts in Karnataka. Over 86% of the population in the district is Hindu, while 11% of the population is Muslim. Jains account for a little over 1% of the population, while Christians account for 0.17%. Scheduled Castes and Tribes constitute about 17% of the total population. Communal tensions are fairly uncommon in Bagalkot. One of the few incidents documented in the city related to the stoning of a Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) procession near the Panka mosque in 1958. A ban order was imposed in Bagalkot in 2002 when RSS men were stoned during a procession near a high school. [http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2002/01/12/stories/2002011200120500.htm "RSS men injured; ban order imposed on Bagalkot"] . 2006. The Hindu. The Hindu Group. 11 Jan. 2002]

Kannada, the state language of Karnataka, is the most widely spoken language in the district. The literacy rate of the district is 57.3%, higher than national levels (52%) but lower than the mean literacy rate of the state (66.6%). Bagalkot ranks 22nd out of the 27 districts in Karnataka for adult literacy. The population density of Bagalkot is approximately 251 persons per square kilometer. Housing conditions in the district were identified as above average, per India's 2001 national census. About 96% of the houses surveyed were recorded as either "Good" or "Livable". Mass media (radio, transistor, television) penetration was about 67%.

Primary workers constitute about 43% of the district's population. Of these, 65% work in agriculture related activities. The sex ratio of the district is 980 per 1000 males, considerably higher than the national average — 927. The district's Net Domestic Income is US$ 5.8 billion. The per capita income of the district is about US$ 350 annually.

Economy

Agriculture is the largest employer in Bagalkot, with over 65% of the working population engaged in it; approximately 80% of female workers in Bagalkot are engaged in agriculture. Like most of north Karnataka, Bagalkot is very rich in black soil which is conducive to the cultivation of cotton. Bagalkot's economy was valued at US$ 5.6 billion, making it the 12th largest economy in Karnataka. The approximate per capital income is US$ 360. The chief crops cultivated are rabi and jowar, as well as groundnut, cotton, maize, bajra, wheat, sugarcane and tobacco. Jowar is largely cultivated because it can be grown during rainy seasons as well as during the winters. The crop also is the chief supply of food for the people. Pulses are also grown in the region, primarily "tuvar daal", gram, kulith and "mūng daal". Castor oil, linseed and sesamum are also grown in Bagalkot. Water supply for irrigation includes reservoirs such as the Kendur reservoir, which is six miles from Badami and the Muchkundi reservoir, which is 4 miles from Badami. Famine due to lack of adequate rains is quite common in Bagalkot. A famine that struck the region in 1901 inflicted considerable financial loss to the agricultural industry in Bagalkot. The district has the fifth highest farmer suicide rate in Karnataka. [http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/09/14/stories/2003091400041600.htm "Burdened by debt"] . 2006. The Hindu. The Hindu Group. 14 Sep. 2003] Efficient water management techniques and government sops have only marginally mitigated the repercussions of the drought stricken district.

A sizable proportion of the population also consists of weavers. The chief manufactures are cotton and silk cloths. Large quantities of cotton yarn are also dyed and exported to other parts of the state and country. Most of the immigrants in the district are either money lenders or cloth merchants.

Civic Administration

The Deputy Commissioner is the head of the administration of the district of Bagalkot. The Deputy Commissioners office provides municipal services to the district, collects census information, enforces judicial precedents, administers local elections and collects revenue. Tahalsidars assist the Deputy Commissioner in administrative matters at the taluk level — each taluk has one Tahalsidar. Rural areas of each taluk are administered by a locally elected Zilla Panchayat, headed by a Chief Executive Officer (CEO). The Zilla Panchayat is charged with rural development schemes related to irrigation, water supply, road and infrastructural facilities. Bagalkot district contributes one Member of Parliament (MP) to India's Lok Sabha. The district also contributes seven Members of Legislative Assembly (MLA)s to Karnataka's Vidhan Sabha, one from each taluk. Karnataka is one of only five states in the Indian union with an existing Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council). Bagalkot district contributes four Members of Legislative Council (MLC)s to the Vidhan Parishad.

Bagalkot district's Zilla Panchayat body consists of 26 members. Of these, a president and vice president of the Zilla Panchayat are also elected. In addition, five standing committees consisting of Zilla Panchayat members numbering no more than seven are elected. The five standing committees include Planning and Finance, General standing, Agriculture and Industry, Education and Health and Social Justice.

Culture

The culture of Bagalkot has been influenced traditionally by Kannada culture with prominent traces of Marathi culture as well, partly because of the district's proximity to Maharashtra and partly because of its past history of being a taluk under the Bombay Presidency. The North Karnataka dialect of Kannada is primarily spoken in the district. Kannada itself is classified as a Dravidian language. The ethnologue identifies Bijapur Kannada as the closest dialect to the particular dialect of Bagalkot.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kan "Ethnologue report for language code:kan"] . 2006. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International. 2005] The traditional cuisine of the district is typical of the North Karnataka cuisine of the region. Jowar based food such as Bhakri are popular. Other forms of Indian bread made out of jowar are also common and are referred to as jolada rotti. As with most North Karnataka districts, Jhunka, a garbanzo beans based dish is very popular and is usually eaten with Bhakri; the combination of these two dishes is referred to as "Jhunka bhakar". Though not grown extensively in the district, rice, as in all of South India, is part of the staple diet and is imported from other parts of the state and region. Lentil and pulse based broths are common. Ilkal town in Bagalkot district is famous for the Ilkal sarees manufactured there.

The Chalukyan kingdoms of old have left an omnipotent presence in the district of Bagalkot. Several Hindu temples built by the Chalukyas exist in the town of Badami. Three cave-temple complexes constructed by the Chalukyan king Mangalesa (597 — 609 CE) exist within the district of Badami at the Badami Cave Temples. Of the cave-temples at this site, three are Brahmanical while one is Jain. The Badami fort, previously used by the Chalukyas as well as by Tipu Sultan also contains a prominent but now dilapitated Dravidian tower. Aihole, the former capital of the Chalukyan empire is a popular destination for Chalukyan and pre-Chalukyan art and architecture. Pattadakal contains a group of 10 major temples surrounded by minor shrines and plinths each depicting the architecture of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. The Government of India sanctioned a pilgrim centre in the town of Koodalasangama in honour of the social reformist Basavanna. Prasanna Venkata Dasa, widely regarded as the founder of Carnatic music and prominent member of the Bhakti Movement lived in Bagalkot and composed his music in Kannada.

Notes

External links

* [http://bagalkot.nic.in/ Official website of Bagalkot]
* [http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/karnataka/districts/bagalkot.htm Bagalkot district map]
* [http://kannadasiri.kar.nic.in/archaeology/eng/E08_Bagalkote.htm ASI Protected monuments of Bagalkot]