Christian Cannabich

Christian Cannabich - copper engraving by Egid Verhelst 1779

Johann Christian Innocenz Bonaventura Cannabich (Mannheim, bapt. 12 December 1731 - Frankfurt am Main, 20 January 1798),^[1] was a German violinist, composer, and Kapellmeister of the Classical era. A prolific composer of some 200 works, he continued the legacy of Johann Stamitz and turned the Mannheim orchestra into the best in Europe,^[2] reaching a degree of perfection theretofore never attained, particularly in the carefully graduated crescendos and diminuendos.^[3] Together with Stamitz and the other composers of the Manheim court, he was chiefly responsible for developing the orchestral texture that paved the way for the orchestral treatment of the Viennese classics. His treatment of the woodwinds, particularly the clarinets, and their use in concertos influenced Mozart.

Biography

Background

Christian Cannabich was the third child of Martin Friedrich Cannabich (1690–1773), a flautist, oboist and music teacher at the Mannheim court.^[4] Cannabich père was the personal flute teacher of the Prince elector Carl Theodor which in itself created favourable conditions for Christian Cannabich's later career. The family originally hailed from Alsace which through history, tradition and custom has always had (and still has) close ties to the Palatinate. It is possible that Cannabich's father was bilingual in German and French and that Cannabich as a boy heard and learned both languages in his home. This could explain the relative ease with which Cannabich later moved in French aristocratic circles during his frequent stays in Paris and Versailles.

1742-1756 Education in Mannheim and Rome

As a boy, he studied violin with Johann Stamitz (1717–1757), composer extraordinaire, violinist, concertmaster and leader of the Mannheim court orchestra. He joined the violin section of the orchestra as a scholar (i.e. aspirant) at age twelve (1744), becoming a full member two years later. In the year 1748 he is listed in the annual court and state calendar (Churpfälzischer Hof- und Staatskalender) as a violinist living together with his father in Moritz lane.^[5]

Prince elector Charles Theodore, Cannabich's sovereign and employer

In 1750, Charles Theodore, Prince elector of the Palatinate, sent Cannabich to Rome to continue his studies with Niccolò Jommelli, maestro coadiutore of the Papal Chapel and also a successful opera composer. He remained in Rome until 1753, whence he followed Jommelli to Stuttgart. Jommelli had been named Ober-Kapellmeister in the Swabian capital, and tried to do there what the elder Stamitz had done in Mannheim — i.e. create a first rate orchestra. In 1756 Cannabich returned to Italy for a second time, this time to Milan, where he took additional courses with Giovanni Battista Sammartini.

1757-1773 Concert master

In the spring of 1757, after the premature death of Johann Stamitz, he was called back to Mannheim to assume Stamitz's post as first violinist (together with Carl Joseph Toeschi).

In 1759 Cannabich married Maria Elisabeth de la Motte, lady of the bed chamber to the Duchess of Zweibrücken. They had six children, one of them being Carl Cannabich, later a composer in his own right. From November 1777 until March 1778, their daughter Rose received piano lessons from Mozart, whose piano sonata No. 7 in C Major is dedicated to her. Although Cannabich lived very much in the Age of Enlightenment, which allowed and even fostered a certain permeability between the social classes, it was then still unusual for a man of common birth to marry a titled woman. It turned out that this conjugal alliance would have important and far-reaching consequences for Cannabich.

Duke Christian IV of nearby Zweibrücken took a liking to Cannabich and favoured him with support and attention. In 1764 he accompanied the Duke, who owned a palace there, to Paris. Music and musicians from Mannheim were popular with Parisian audiences. It was during this journey that Cannabich met the Mozarts who, then on their family grand tour, spent the time between November 1763 and April 1764 in the French capital. During the 1760s and 1770s Cannabich visited Paris frequently, had his music performed at the Concert Spirituel, and his symphonies and trios printed there. Most of Cannabich's works after this date were published in Paris.

1774-1798 Director of the Mannheim Orchestra

In 1774 Cannabich became director of the Mannheim court orchestra; as such he not only led the orchestra as concertmaster, but also had the duty to compose the ballet music for the court ballets choreographed by Etienne Lauchery, the Maître de Danse (court ballet master). Four years later (1778) he moved with the court to Munich when Charles Theodore, his lord and master, became elector of Bavaria. Cannabich continued with his duties in Munich as before, but the best years of the Mannheim orchestra were by then all but over.

In the 1780s the elector cut back on the orchestra's budget and reduced the number of musicians from 95 to 55. The musicians complained about cutbacks in payment and reduced income. It is alleged that Cannabich himself had to live on one-third of his former stipend during the last years of his life, which forced the aged musician to go on concert tours and, perhaps for the first time in his life, to do what other, less fortunate musicians had to do all their lives — scramble for money.

Cannabich died while visiting his son, Carl, in Frankfurt am Main in 1798.

Cannabich and Mozart

Cannabich and Mozart met several times over a period of twenty years. The second time was in the winter and spring of 1777-78, when Mozart was on his ill-fated journey, first to Mannheim and thence to Paris. Accompanied by his mother (the father had to stay behind to earn the money for this costly venture), Mozart had left Salzburg looking for wealth and fame — and above all a position with one of the many German princes. That mother and son interrupted their journey in Mannheim for a longer stay was not surprising. In the late 18th century, Mannheim had the best and most famous orchestra in all of Europe. Excellent musicians and gifted composers (many of them from Bohemia), a strict and relentless drill, and a sumptuous budget from the elector of the Palatinate, had turned what formerly had been just one of many princely chapels into a mighty and smoothly-running ensemble. Ladies reportedly fainted when the Mannheimers unleashed their roaring crescendo — just one of many orchestral devices that was invented there.

Mozart himself praised the orchestra on numerous occasions, here in a letter written to his father:

"I must now tell you about the music here. On Saturday, All-Saints' day, I attended high mass. The orchestra is very good and numerous. On each side ten or eleven violins, four tenors, two hautboys, two flutes, and two clarionets, two corni, four violoncellos, four bassoons, and four double basses, besides trumpets and kettle-drums. This should give fine music - ..."^[6]

Works (selection)

Operas

• Azaki (1778)

Ballets

• 40 ballets

Orchestral music

• 75 symphonies
• 3 violin concertos

Chamber music

• 12 string quartets
• 6 piano trios
• 30 sonatas for piano and violin

Discography (selection)

• Christian Cannabich: Symphonies Nos. 47 - 52. Nicolaus Esterhazy Sinfonia, Conductor: Uwe Grodd. Naxos 8.554340
• Christian Cannabich: Symphonies Nos. 59, 63, 64, 67 and 68. Lukas Consort, Conductor: Viktor Lukas. NAXOS 8.553960

Sources

• Burney, Charles. General History Of Music From The Earliest Ages To The Present Period (1789). Edited by Frank Mercer. Vol. 2. 2 vols. New York: Dover Publications, 1957.
• Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. The Letters of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Edited by Ludwig Nohl. Translated by Lady Wallace. Vol. 1. 2 vols. New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1866.
• Randel, Don Michael, ed. The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1996.
• Slonimsky, Nicolas, ed. Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians. 5th Completely Revised Edition. New York, 1958.

References

1. ^ Grove Music Online. Retrieved 2 July 2002.
2. ^ This is the famous quote from Charles Burney, who had heard the Mannheimers: "At the court of Mannheim, about the year 1759, the band of the Elector Palatine was regarded as the most complete and best disciplined in Europe." (Burney 1957), p. 945
3. ^ (Slonimsky 1958), p. 248
4. ^ For biography see chiefly: Article "Cannabich" in (Slonimsky 1958), p. 248 and in (Randel 1996), p. 133
5. ^ (Alfried Wieczorek 1999), p. 362
6. ^ Mozart, letter to his father, November 4, 1777. (Mozart 1866, p. 107)

External links

• Christian Cannabich biography (Mozart Forum)
• Christian Cannabich – short biography
• Free scores by Christian Cannabich at the International Music Score Library Project
• Free scores by Christian Cannabich in the Werner Icking Music Archive (WIMA)

Persondata
Name	Cannabich, Christian
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	12 December 1731
Place of birth
Date of death	20 January 1798
Place of death