Maiasaura

Maiasaura Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 74 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Maiasaura with hatchlings, at the Wyoming Dinosaur Center
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Superorder:	Dinosauria
Order:	Ornithischia
Suborder:	Ornithopoda
Family:	Hadrosauridae
Subfamily:	Hadrosaurinae
Genus:	Maiasaura
Binomial name
Maiasaura peeblesorum Horner & Makela, 1979

Maiasaura (from the Greek "μαία + σαύρα", meaning "caring mother lizard") is a large duck-billed dinosaur genus that lived in the area currently covered by the state of Montana in the Upper Cretaceous Period (Campanian), about 74 million years ago.

Description

Life restoration of Maiasaura

Maiasaura was large, attaining an adult length of about 9 metres (30 ft) and had the typical hadrosaurid flat beak and a thick nose. It had a small, spiky crest in front of its eyes. The crest may have been used in headbutting contests between males during the breeding season.^[1]

This dinosaur was herbivorous. It walked both on two (bipedal) or four (quadrupedal) legs and appeared to have no defense against predators, except, perhaps, its heavy muscular tail and its herd behaviour. These herds were extremely large and could have comprised as many as 10,000 individuals.^[1] Maisaura lived in an inland habitat.^[2]

Discovery

Adult skeleton at the Museum voor Natuurwetenschappen in Brussels, Belgium

Maiasaura was discovered by Laurie Trexler and described by dinosaur paleontologist Jack Horner (paleontologic advisor for the Jurassic Park movies) and Robert Makela. He named the dinosaur after Marion Brandvold's discovery of a nest with remains of eggshells and babies too large to be hatchlings. These discoveries led to others, and the area became known as "Egg Mountain", in rocks of the Two Medicine Formation near Choteau in western Montana. This was the first proof of giant dinosaurs raising and feeding their young.^[1] Over 200 specimens, in all age ranges, have been found.^[3] The announcement of Maiasaura's discovery attracted renewed scientific interest to the Two Medicine Formation and many other new kinds of dinosaurs were discovered as a result of the increased attention.^[4] Choteau Maiasaura remains are found in higher strata than their Two Medicine River counterparts.^[5]

Reproduction

Reconstruction of a nest with eggs

Maiasaura lived in herds and it raised its young in nesting colonies. The nests in the colonies were packed closely together, like those of modern seabirds, with the gap between the nests being around 7 metres (23 ft); less than the length of the adult animal.^[6] The nests were made of earth and contained 30 to 40 eggs laid in a circular or spiral pattern. The eggs were about the size of ostrich eggs.^[1]

Illustration of a herd of Maiasaura walking along a creekbed, as found in the semi-arid Two Medicine Formation fossil bed. This region was characterized by volcanic ash layers and conifer, fern and horsetail vegetation.

The eggs were incubated by the heat resulting from rotting vegetation placed into the nest by the parents, rather than a parent sitting on the nest. Upon hatching, fossils of baby Maiasaura show that their legs were not fully developed and thus they were incapable of walking. Fossils also show that their teeth were partly worn, which means that the adults brought food to the nest.^[1]

Skeleton of a juvenile

The hatchlings grew from a size of 16 to 58 inches (41 to 150 cm) long in the span of their first year. At this point, or perhaps after another year, the animal left the nest. This high rate of growth may be evidence of warm bloodedness. The hatchlings had different facial proportions from the adults, with larger eyes and a shorter snout.^[1] These features are associated with cuteness and are common among animals that are dependant on their parents for survival during the early stages of life.

Contemporaries

In the Two Medicine Formation, Maiasaura lived alongside the tyrannosaurid Daspletosaurus, the oviraptorosaurian Chirostenotes, the troodontid Troodon, the dromaeosaurids Bambiraptor and Saurornitholestes, the enantiornithe bird Avisaurus, the nodosaurid Edmontonia, the ankylosaurid Euoplocephalus, the ceratopsids Achelousaurus, Brachyceratops, Einiosaurus, and Styracosaurus ovatus, the hypsilophodont Orodromeus, and the hadrosaurids Hypacrosaurus stebingeri and Prosaurolophus.^[7] Hypacrosaurus coexisted with Maiasaura for some time, as Hypacrosaurus remains have been found lower in the Two Medicine Formation than was earlier known.^[8] The discovery of Gryposaurus latidens in Maiasaura's range has shown that the border between hypothesized distinct faunas in the upper and middle is less distinct than once thought.^[8] There seems to be a major diversification in ornithischian taxa after the appearance of Maiasaura within the Two Medicine Formation.^[8] The thorough examination of strata found along the Two Medicine River (which exposes the entire upper half of the Two Medicine Formation) indicates that the apparent diversification was a real event rather than a result of preservational biases.^[8]

Footnotes

Dinosaurs portal

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Maiasaura," Dodson, et al.(1994); pages 116-117.
2. ^ "Judithian Climax," Lehman (2001); page 315.
3. ^ Horner and Gorman (1988).
4. ^ "Introduction," Trexler (2001); pages 299-300.
5. ^ "Faunal Turnover, Migration, and Evolution," Trexler (2001); page 304.
6. ^ Palmer (1999); page 148.
7. ^ Weishampel, et al. (2004); pages 517–606.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} "Faunal Turnover, Migration, and Evolution," Trexler (2001); page 306.

References

• Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B. The Age of Dinosaurs. Publications International, LTD. p. 116-117. ISBN 0-7853-0443-6.
• Horner, Jack and Gorman, James. (1988). Digging Dinosaurs: The Search that Unraveled the Mystery of Baby Dinosaurs, Workman Publishing Co.
• Lehman, T. M., 2001, Late Cretaceous dinosaur provinciality: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp. 310-328.
• Palmer, D., ed (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 148. ISBN 1-84028-152-9. 
• Trexler, D., 2001, Two Medicine Formation, Montana: geology and fauna: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp. 298-309.
• Weishampel, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loeuff, Jean; Xu Xing; Zhao Xijin; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Elizabeth, M.P.; and Noto, Christopher R. (2004). "Dinosaur Distribution", in The Dinosauria (2nd), pp. 517–606.