Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes

The Scheduled Castes (SCs), also known as the Dalit, and the Scheduled Tribes (STs) are two groupings of historically disadvantaged people that are given express recognition in the Constitution of India. During the period of British rule in the Indian sub-continent they were known as the Depressed Classes.

The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up around 15% and 7.5% respectively of the population of India, or around 24% altogether, according to the 2001 Census.^[1] The proportion of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the country's population has steadily risen since independence in 1947.

The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 lists 1,108 castes across 25 states in its First Schedule,^[2] while the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 lists 744 tribes across 22 states in its First Schedule.^[3]

Since Independence, the Scheduled Castes have benefited by the "Reservation" policy. This policy was made an integral part of the Constitution by the efforts of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, regarded as the father of the Indian constitution, who participated in Round Table Conferences and fought for the rights of the Depressed Classes. The Constitution lays down general principles for the policy of affirmative action for the SCs and STs.

History

From the 1850s these communities were loosely referred to as the "Depressed Classes". The early part of the 20th century saw a flurry of activity in the British Raj to assess the feasibility of responsible self-government for India. The Morley-Minto Reforms Report, Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms Report, and the Simon Commission were some of the initiatives that happened in this context. One of the hotly contested issues in the proposed reforms was the topic of reservation of seats for the "Depressed" Classes in provincial and central legislatures.

In 1935 the British passed the Government of India Act 1935, designed to give Indian provinces greater self-rule and set up a national federal structure. Reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes was incorporated into the act, which came into force in 1937. The Act brought the term "Scheduled Castes" into use, and defined the group as including "such castes, races or tribes or parts of groups within castes, races or tribes, which appear to His Majesty in Council to correspond to the classes of persons formerly known as the 'Depressed Classes', as His Majesty in Council may prefer". This discretionary definition was clarified in The Government of India (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1936 which contained a list, or Schedule, of castes throughout the British administered provinces.

After independence, the Constituent Assembly continued the prevailing definition of Scheduled Castes and Tribes, and gave (via articles 341, 342) the President of India and Governors of states responsibility to compile a full listing of castes and tribes, and also the power to edit it later as required. The actual complete listing of castes and tribes was made via two orders The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950,^[4] and The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950^[5] respectively.

Constitutional framework for safeguarding of interests

The Constitution provides a framework with a three pronged strategy ^[6] to improve the situation of SCs and STs.

1. Protective Arrangements - Such measures as are required to enforce equality, to provide punitive measures for transgressions, to eliminate established practices that perpetuate inequities, etc. A number of laws were enacted to operationalize the provisions in the Constitution. Examples of such laws include The Untouchability Practices Act, 1955, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, The Employment of Manual scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993, etc.
2. Affirmative action - provide positive preferential treatment in allotment of jobs and access to higher education, as a means to accelerate the integration of the SCs and STs with mainstream society. Affirmative action is also popularly referred to as Reservation.
3. Development - Provide for resources and benefits to bridge the wide gap in social and economic condition between the SCs/STs and other communities.

National commissions

To effectively implement the various safeguards built into the Constitution and other legislations, the Constitution, under Articles 338 and 338A, provides for two statutory commissions - the National Commission for Scheduled Castes, and National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.

History

In the original Constitution, Article 338 provided for a Special Officer, called the Commissioner for SCs and STs, to have the responsibility of monitoring the effective implementation of various safeguards for SCs/STs in the Constitution as well as other related legislations and to report to the President. To enable efficient discharge of duties, 17 regional offices of the Commissioner were set up all over the country.

In the meanwhile there was persistent representation for a replacement of the Commissioner with a multi-member committee. It was proposed that the 48th Amendment to the Constitution be made to alter Article 338 to enable said proposal. While the amendment was being debated, the Ministry of Welfare issued an administrative decision to establish the Commission for SCs/STs as a multi-member committee to discharge the same functions as that of the Commissioner of SCs/STs. The first commission came into being in August 1978. The functions of the commission were modified in September 1987 to advise Government on broad policy issues and levels of development of SCs/STs.

In 1990 that the Article 338 was amended to give birth to the statutory National Commission for SCs and STs via the Constitution (Sixty fifth Amendment) Bill, 1990.^[7] The first Commission under the 65th Amendment was constituted in March 1992 replacing the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and the Commission set up under the Ministry of Welfare's Resolution of 1989.

In 2002, the Constitution was again amended to split the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two separate commissions - the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.

Distribution

According to the 61st Round Survey of the NSSO, almost nine-tenths of Buddhists and one-third of Sikhs in India belonged to scheduled castes of the Constitution while one-third of Christians belonged to scheduled tribes. The Sachar Committee report of 2006 also confirmed that members of scheduled castes and tribes of India are not exclusively adherents of Hinduism.

Religion	Scheduled Caste	Scheduled Tribe
Buddhism	89.50%	7.40%
Christianity	9.00%	32.80%
Sikhism	37.0%	0.90%
Hinduism	22.20%	9.10%
Gond	-	15.90%
Jainism	-	2.60%
Islam	0.80%	0.50%

Scheduled Caste Sub-Plan

The strategy of Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan (SCSP) which was evolved in 1979 is one of the most important interventions through the planning process for social, economic and educational development of Scheduled Castes and for improvement in their working and living conditions. It is an umbrella strategy to ensure flow of targeted financial and physical benefits from all the general sectors of development for the benefit of Scheduled Castes. Under this strategy, population.^[8] It entails targeted flow of funds and associated benefits from the annual plan of States / Union Territories (UTs) at least in proportion to the SC population i.e. 16 % in the total population of the country / the particular state. Presently, 27 States / UTs having sizeable SC populations are implementing Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan. Although the Scheduled Castes population, according to 2001 Census, was 16.66 crores constituting 16.23% of the total population of India, the allocations made through SCSP in recent years have been much lower than the population proportion. Table hereafter provides the details of total State Plan Outlay, flow to Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan (SCSP) as reported by the State / UT Governments for the last few years especially since the present UPA government is in power at the

2004–2005	108788.9	17656	2065.38	11.06	68.3	5591
2005–2006	136234.5	22111	16422.63	12.05	74.3	5688
2006–2007	152088	24684	21461.12	14.11	86.9	3223
2007-2008*	155013.2	25159	22939.99	14.80	91.2	2219

• Information in respect of 14 States/UTs only and as on 31-12- 2007

Source: Network for Social Accountability (NSA) http://nsa.org.in

Prominent members of SC/STs

• K. R. Narayanan, tenth President of India
• Babu Jagjivan Ram, former Deputy Prime Minister of India
• B. R. Ambedkar, jurist, political leader, writer, father of Indian Constitution
• K. G. Balakrishnan, former Chief Justice of India
• Sushilkumar Shinde, Current Cabinet Minister for Power
• Mayavati, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.
• Birsa Munda, Indian independence advocate, tribal leader and folk hero
• Damodaram Sanjivayya (1921–1972) (First dalit Chief Minister of a state in India and first dalit President of Indian National Congress party)
• Kanshi Ram, founder of Bahujan Samaj Party
• D.Raja, Member of Rajyasabha,National Secratory for Communist Party of India
• G. M. C. Balayogi, dalit speaker, Lok Sabha,
• Ajit Jogi, first chief minister of the state of Chhattisgarh, India
• Shibu Soren, current Chief Minister of Jharkhand state in India
• Meira Kumar, Indian politician and Member of Parliament, Speaker of Lok Sabha
• S. Ashok Kumar, Judge Madras High Court and High Court of Andhra Pradesh
• Ram Vilas Paswan, the president of the Lok Janshakti Party, political party
• Bangaru Laxman, former President of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
• Lala Ram Ken, Member of Parliament (7th and 8th), India
• Divya Bharti, Bollywood actress
• Vinod Kambli, cricketer
• Thol. Thirumavalavan, Member of Parliament, The founder president of Viduthalai Chiruthaikal Katchi, Tamilnadu
• Ilaiyaraaja, a noted music director and composer, Ilaiyaraaja is also a instrumentalist, conductor, and a songwriter
• E. Ponnuswamy, former M.O.S. Petroleum India.
• M.E.Loganathan, Municipal Commissioner, Government of Tamil Nadu.
• Damodar Raja Narasimha - Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
• Dr. J. Geeta Reddy - Leader of the House in the Legislative Assembly AP
• Amarjeet Bhagat MLA Sitapur
• Faguni Ram, Member of Parliament and Minister of State
• K. S. R. Murthy IAS, Former MP, Lok Sabha
• Prem Singh - MLA
• Late Lahori Ram Economic Development Commissioner California State and Founder member Guru Ravidass Sikh Gurdwara ,Pittusburg
• Ram Lakha Former Mayor of Coventry
• Sardar Lakhbir Singh First Sikh Mayor Of Luton
• Giani Ditt Singh Ji Founder of Singh Sabha Movement
• Dr. Baldev Singh Sher First Dalit (Ravidasia/Ramdasia Sikh) Medical Graduate from Glasgow in 1910 and son of Giani Ditt Singh Ji
• Shaeed Baba Sangat Singh Ji Martyr in the Battle of Chamkaur Sahib
• Johnny Lever (Janumala John Prakasa Rao) - Famous Bollywood comedian, born in Vusullapalli near Kanigiri, Prakasm dt^{[clarification needed]}, AP^{[clarification needed]}.
• Betha Sudhakar ("Pichha kottudu sudhakar") - Popular Comedian & Character Artist in Tollywood
• Lankapalli Bullayya(1918–1992), former VC Andhra University(1968–74); first dalit to become the Vice-Chancellor of a university in India
• Late Shri Ram Ratan Ram— Member of Parliament (1984-1989)
• Dr.M.Velusamy (1973) is well known Social Science Scholar from Tamil Nadu. First Dalit Scholar Who has awarded his PhD at Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS), Chennai. His thesis entitled on Indian Constitution and Dalit Welfare : A Study of Tamil Nadu, 1950-2005. Published books on topic related to Dalits Periyar Dravidian Politics in Tamil Nadu.
• Jwala Prasad Kureel- MP of 6th Lok Sabha, Affiliated to Janata Party serving Ghatampur (UP) Lok Sabha Constituency

See also

• List of Scheduled Tribes in India
• Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
• List of Sudra Hindu Saints
• Dalit saints of Hinduism
• Forward caste
• Other Backward Class

Notes

1. ^ Census of India - India at a Glance : Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Population
2. ^ Text of the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950, as amended
3. ^ Text of the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950, as amended
4. ^ THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED CASTES) ORDER, 1950]1
5. ^ 1THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES)
6. ^ http://nhrc.nic.in/Publications/reportKBSaxena.pdf
7. ^ "Constitution of India as of 29 July 2008". The Constitution Of India. Ministry of Law & Justice. http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf. Retrieved 13 April 2011. 
8. ^ http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/scp&tsp/noteguidelinesFor.doc

External links

• Jobs for Tribals