Culture of fear

For the Thievery Corporation album, see Culture of Fear (album).

Culture of fear is a term used by certain scholars, writers, journalists and politicians who believe that some in society incite fear in the general public to achieve political goals, for example...^[1]

"The people don't want war, but they can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. This is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and for exposing the country to danger. It works the same in every country." - Hermann Goering.^[2]

The term is used to describe fears about Islamic terrorism which, it is argued, are fears that are usually exaggerated or irrational in nature.^[3][4] The term has also been used to describe irrational fear in other contexts, such as citizens fearing persons of different ethnic backgrounds, or neighborhood residents fearing retribution if they assist police in identifying criminals.^[5]

Analysis

Former National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski argues that the use of the term War on Terror was intended to generate a culture of fear deliberately because it "obscures reason, intensifies emotions and makes it easier for demagogic politicians to mobilize the public on behalf of the policies they want to pursue".^[6]

Frank Furedi, a Professor of Sociology at the University of Kent and writer for Spiked magazine, points out that today's culture of fear did not begin with the collapse of the World Trade Center. Long before 11 September, he argues, public panics were widespread - on everything from GM crops to mobile phones, from global warming to foot-and-mouth. Like Durodié, Furedi argues that perceptions of risk, ideas about safety and controversies over health, the environment and technology have little to do with science or empirical evidence. Rather, they are shaped by cultural assumptions about human vulnerability. Furedi say that "we need a grown-up discussion about our post-11 September world, based on a reasoned evaluation of all the available evidence rather than on irrational fears for the future.^[7]

Jennie Bristow, a writer for Spiked Magazine, argues that the culture of fear that emerged following the September 11 attacks and the subsequent anthrax attacks were not so much emergent fears but rather top-down manufactured ones by politicians and reflected by the media. She also believes that the fears engendered, although irrational, allowed patriotism to emerge which eventually led to military adventurism in places not connected to either 9/11 or the anthrax attacks.^[8]

British academics Gabe Mythen and Sandra Walklate, argue that following terrorist attacks in New York, the Pentagon, Madrid, and London, government agencies developed a discourse of "new terrorism" in a cultural climate of fear and uncertainty. UK researchers argued that this processes reduced notion of public safety and created the simplistic image of a non-white "terroristic other" that has negative consequences for ethnic minority groups in the UK.^[9]

In his 2004 BBC documentary film series, The Power of Nightmares, subtitled The Rise of the Politics of Fear, the journalist Adam Curtis argues that politicians have used our fears to increase their power and control over society. Though he does not use the term "culture of fear", what Curtis describes in his film is a reflection of this concept. He looks at the American neo-conservative movement and its depiction of the threat first from the Soviet Union and then from radical Islamists.^[10] Curtis insists there has been a largely illusory fear of terrorism in the west since the September 11 attacks and that politicians such as George W Bush and Tony Blair had stumbled on a new force to restore their power and authority; using the fear of an organised "web of evil" from which they could protect their people.^[11] Curtis's film castigated the media, security forces and the Bush administration for expanding their power in this way.^[11] The film features Bill Durodié, then Director of the International Centre for Security Analysis, and Senior Research Fellow in the International Policy Institute, King's College London, saying that to call this network an "invention" would be too strong a term. But he asserts that it probably does not exist and is largely a "(projection) of our own worst fears, and that what we see is a fantasy that's been created."^[12]

Books

• Culture of Fear: Risk taking and the morality of low expectation, Frank Furedi, ISBN 0-8264-7616-3
• The Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things, Barry Glassner ISBN 0465003362
• Politics of Fear: Beyond Left and Right, Frank Furedi, ISBN 0-8264-8728-9
• State of Fear, Michael Crichton, ISBN 0-06-621413-0
• Urban Nightmares: The Media, the Right and the Moral Panic over the City, Steve Macek, ISBN 0-8166-4361-X
• Kingdom of Fear: Loathsome Secrets of a Star-Crossed Child in the Final Days of the American Century., Hunter S. Thompson, (Simon & Schuster; 1st Simon edition, November 1, 2003, ISBN 0-684-87324-9)
• You Have the Power: Choosing Courage in a Culture of Fear Frances Moore Lappe and Jeffrey Perkins, ISBN 978-1585424245
• Creating Fear: News and the Construction of a Crisis, David L. Altheide, (Aldine de Gruyter, 2002, 223pp. ISBN 978-0-202-30660-3)

Further reading

• The Culture of Fear by Noam Chomsky
• Beyond a Culture of Fear, by K. Lauren de Boer - article published in the EarthLight magazine, #47, fall/winter 2002/2003

See also

• Conspiracy of silence (expression)
• Criticism of the War on Terrorism
• Crowd psychology
• Information warfare
• Climate change alarmism
• Management by fear
• Mass hysteria
• Mean world syndrome
• Media hype
• Moral panic
• North Korea
• Propaganda
• Yellow journalism

References

1. ^ Jeffery Klaehn, Filtering the news: essays on Herman and Chomsky's propaganda model, Black Rose Books Ltd., 2005, p.23-24
2. ^ Gustave Gilbert (1947) Nuremberg Diary.
3. ^ Zbigniew Brzezinski (March 25, 2007). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/23/AR2007032301613.html "Terrorized by 'War on Terror' How a Three-Word Mantra Has Undermined America"]. Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/23/AR2007032301613.html. Retrieved 2010-12-03. "The "war on terror" has created a culture of fear in America...." 
4. ^ Pankaj Mishra (15 August 2009). "A culture of fear". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/aug/15/eurabia-islamophobia-europe-colonised-muslims. Retrieved 2010-12-03. "Is Europe about to be overrun by Muslims? A number of prominent European and American politicians and journalists seem to think so. The historian Niall Ferguson has predicted that "a youthful Muslim society to the south and east of the Mediterranean is poised to colonise - the term is not too strong - a senescent Europe". And according to Christopher Caldwell, an American columnist with the Financial Times, whom the Observer recently described as a "bracing, clear-eyed analyst of European pieties", Muslims are already "conquering Europe's cities, street by street". So what if Muslims account for only 3% to 4% of the EU's total population of 493 million?" 
5. ^ Police urge Mattapan residents to fight culture of fear after shootings (October 20, 2010). "Police urge Mattapan residents to fight culture of fear after shootings". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/mattapan/2010/10/mattapan_residents_meet_with_p.html. Retrieved 2010-12-03. "Authorities urged Mattapan residents Tuesday night to fight against the culture of fear that kept their neighbors from coming forward with information about last month's deadly shootings." 
6. ^ Post Store (25 March 2007). "Terrorized by 'War on Terror' by Brzezinski". Washingtonpost.com. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/23/AR2007032301613.html. Retrieved 2010-11-23. 
7. ^ Frank Furedi. "Epidemic of fear". Spiked-online.com. http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/00000002D46C.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-23. 
8. ^ Jennie Bristow (2002-10-12). "How did we get from 9/11 to here?". Spiked-online.com. http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/00000006DD06.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-23. 
9. ^ Communicating the terrorist risk: Harnessing a culture of fear? Gabe Mythen Manchester Metropolitan University, UK, Sandra Walklate University of Liverpool, UK
10. ^ "The Power of Nightmares: Your comments". BBC (London). 3 August 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/4016713.stm. Retrieved 27 November 2010. 
11. ^ ^{a b} Jeffries, Stuart (12 May 2005). "The film US TV networks dare not show". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2005/may/12/cannes2005.cannesfilmfestival4. Retrieved 14 July 2010. 
12. ^ http://www.daanspeak.com/TranscriptPowerOfNightmares3.html