Gustave Gilbert

Gustave Mark Gilbert (1911 - 1977) was an American psychologist best known for his writings containing observations of high ranking Nazi leaders during the Nuremberg Trials.

Life and work

Early life

Gustave Gilbert was born in the state of New York in 1911, the son of Jewish-Austrian immigrants. He won a scholarship from the School for Ethical Culture at the College Town Center in New York. In 1939 Gilberts obtained his Ph.D. in Psychology from Columbia University. Gilbert also held a diploma from the American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology.

During World War II Gilbert was commissioned as a military psychologist with the rank of First Lieutenant. Because of his knowledge of the German language, he was sent overseas as a military intelligence officer.

Nuremberg trials

In 1945, after the end of the war, Gilbert was sent to Nuremberg, Germany, as a translator for the International Military Tribunal for the trials of the World War II German prisoners. Gilbert was appointed the Prison Psychologist of the German prisoners. During the process of the trials Gilbert became the confidant of Hermann Göring, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Wilhelm Keitel, Hans Frank, Oswald Pohl, Otto Ohlendorf, Rudolf Höß (the commandant of Auschwitz), and Ernst Kaltenbrunner, among others. At first he did not tell them he was Jewish; after he told them, most of the prisoners did not mind talking to him. Gilbert also participated in the Nuremberg Trials as the American Military Chief Psychologist and provided testimony attesting the sanity of Rudolf Hess.

In 1946, after the trials, Gilbert returned to the USA. Gilbert stayed busy teaching, researching, and writing. In 1947 he published part of his diary, consisting of observations taken during interviews, interrogations, “eavesdropping” and conversations with German prisoners, under the title "Nuremberg Diary". (This diary was reprinted in full in 1961 just before the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem.) The following is a famous exchange Gilbert had with Göring from this book:

:Göring: Why, of course, the people don't want war. Why would some poor slob on a farm want to risk his life in a war when the best that he can get out of it is to come back to his farm in one piece?

:Naturally, the common people don't want war; neither in Russia, nor in England, nor in America, nor for that matter in Germany. That is understood. But, after all, it is the leaders of the country who determine the policy and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a democracy, or a fascist dictatorship, or a parliament, or a communist dictatorship.

:Gilbert: There is one difference. In a democracy the people have some say in the matter through their elected representatives, and in the United States only Congress can declare wars.

:Göring: Voice or no voice, the people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. It works the same in any country.

Later life

In 1948, as Head Psychologist at the Veterans Hospital at Lyons, Gilbert treated veterans of World Wars I and II who had suffered nervous breakdowns.

In 1950, Gilbert published "The Psychology of Dictatorship; Based on an examination of the leaders of Nazi Germany." In this book, Gilbert made an attempt to portray a profile of the psychological behavior of Adolf Hitler, based on deductive work from eyewitness reports from Hitler’s commanders in prison in Nuremberg.

In September 1954, while he was an Associate Professor of Psychology at Michigan State College, Gilbert attended the 62nd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association in New York. Gilbert was part of a four-person panel discussing “Psychological Approaches to the Problem of Anti-Intellectualism.”

In 1961, when he was the chairman of the Psychology Department of Long Island University in Brooklyn, Gilbert was summoned to testify in the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem. During his testimony on 29 May, 1961, Gilbert stated what the defendants at the Nuremberg Trials had told him about Eichmann's role in perpetuating the Holocaust.

In 1967, Gilbert convinced Leon Pomeroy, Ph.D., then a recent graduate from University of Texas at Austin, to build a clinical doctoral program in the field of psychology at Long Island University. At the time, Gilbert was serving as chairman of the Psychology Department of Long Island University in Brooklyn, New York. Gustave Mark Gilbert died in 1977.

Legacy

Gilbert’s participation in the Nuremberg trials may have been his biggest contribution to psychology. His "Psychology of Dictatorship" was an attempt to profile Adolf Hitler using as reference the testimonials of Hitler’s closest generals and commanders.

Gilbert’s published work is still a subject of study in many universities and colleges, especially in the psychology classes, where it is often required reading.

A selection of published works

*(1947). The Nuremberg Diary. Farrar, Straus and Company: New York.
*(1948). Hermann Goering: Amiable Psychopath. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, 211-229.
*(1950). The Psychology of Dictatorship; Based on an examination of the leaders of Nazi Germany. New York: The Ronald Press Company.
*(1951). Stereotype persistence and change among college students. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46, 245-254.

Portrayal in popular culture

Gustave Gilbert has been portrayed by the following actors in film, television and theater productions;cite web | url = http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0062610/ | title = Gustave Gilbert (Character)| accessdate = May 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = IMDb.com | pages = | language = English | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = ]
*Matt Craven in the 2000 Canadian/U.S. T.V. production "Nuremberg"
*Robert Jezek in the 2006 British television production "Nuremberg: Goering's Last Stand"
*Adam Godley in the 2006 British television docudrama ""

ee also

References

*G. M. Gilbert, (1947). The Nuremberg Diary. Farrar, Straus and Company: New York.
*http://alumni.princeton.edu/~class51/mar48.html
*http://www.acad.carleton.edu/curricular/PSYC/classes/psych383_Lutsky/P383.htm
*http://www.bgu.ac.il/~danbaron/Docs_Dan/genocidal%20mentalities.doc
*http://www.e-valuemetrics.com/resume.htm#educational
*http://www.ninehundred.net/control/mc-ch6.html
*http://www.spssi.org/teach_cc_syllabi7.html
*http://www.topographiedesterrors.de/opac/find.php?urG=%7C1&urS=goering,!hermann
*http://www.users.muohio.edu/shermarc/p630lf1.shtml
* [http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/Sessions/index-03.html Transscript of the trial of Adolf Eichmann - Volume III (Sessions 55, 56 and 57 contains the testimony of Dr. Gilbert)] from the Nizkor Project